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127 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where are mechanoreceptors located?
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In the dermis layer of skin
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Where is the greatest amount of skin receptors located?
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Fingertips
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What is some of the information that skin receptors send?
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Information on temperature, pain and movement
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What is proprioception?
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The sensory system detection and reception of movement and spatial position of limbs, trunk, and head
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What is another name for proprioception?
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Kinesthesis
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Where are proprioceptors located?
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Muscles, tendons, ligaments and joints
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What are the 3 primary types of proprioceptors?
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1. Muscle spindles
2. Golgi tendon organs 3. Joint receptors |
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What are the actions of muscle spindles?
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Detect changes in muscle fiber length and velocity, and functions as a feedback mechanism to CNS to maintain limb movement position direction
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What are the actions of golgi tendon organs?
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Detects change in muscle tension (force)
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What are the functions of joint receptors?
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Detects changes in force and rotation
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What are the 3 deafferentation techniques?
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1. Surgical
2. Sensory neuropathy 3. Temporary |
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What is surgical deafferentation?
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When the neural pathways are surgically removed or altered
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What is deafferentation due to sensory neuropathy?
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When large myelinated fibers of the limb are lost leading to a loss of all sensory information except pain and temp
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What is temporary deafferentation?
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Nerve block
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What is the tendon vibration technique?
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Involves high speed vibration of the tendon of the agonist muscle, proprioceptive feedback is distorted rather than removed
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Which vision is import for depth perception?
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Binocular vision
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What is central vision?
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Vision that provides specific information to allow us to achieve action goals
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What is peripheral vision?
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Dectects vision beyond central vision
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What type of vision is for perception?
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Central
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What type of vision is for action?
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Peripheral
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What are 3 examples of binocular vison?
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1. Reaching - grasping objects
2. Walking on a cluttered pathway 3.Intercepting a moving object |
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What is iptical flow?
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Rays of light that strike the retina
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What is perception?
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Linking together an even and an action
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What is the speed accuracy trade off?
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The accuracy of the movement will influence the speed so that the emphasis on accuracy will reduce speed
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What is the order for speed and accuracy trade off?
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1st - Accuracy
2nd - Speed |
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Who created a mathmatical law that predicted movement speen given accuracy characteristcs?
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Paul Fitts
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What is the law that Paul created?
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Fitts Law
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What is Fitts law?
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Predicts the movement time for situation requiring both speed and accuracy in whcih the person must ove to the target as quickly and accurately as possible
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What was Fitts law based on?
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The calcuation of reciprocal tapping tasks in which subjects made repetitive back and forth movements between targets as quickley as possible for a certian period of time
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What is open loop control?
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At movement initiation, initial movement instruction sufficient to move limb to the vicinity of the target
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What is closed-loop control?
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At movement termination, feedback from vision and proprioception needed at end of movement to ensure hitting target accuratley
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What is prehension?
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General terms for actions involving reaching for and grasping of objects
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What are the three componentss for prehension?
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1. Transport
2. Grasp 3. Object manipulation |
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What are some of the relationship components of prehension?
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Object size
Distance |
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What occurs at 2/3 movement time?
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Max. grip aperture
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What are the roles of vision in prehension?
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1. Preparation and initiation of movement
2. Transport of hand to object 3. Grasp of object |
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What are the 3 deafferentation techniques?
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1. Surgical
2. Sensory neuropathy 3. Temporary |
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What is surgical deafferentation?
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When the neural pathways are surgically removed or altered
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What is deafferentation due to sensory neuropathy?
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When large myelinated fibers of the limb are lost leading to a loss of all sensory information except pain and temp
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What is temporary deafferentation?
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Nerve block
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What is the tendon vibration technique?
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Involves high speed vibration of the tendon of the agonist muscle, proprioceptive feedback is distorted rather than removed
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Which vision is import for depth perception?
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Binocular vision
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What is central vision?
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Vision that provides specific information to allow us to achieve action goals
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What is peripheral vision?
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Dectects vision beyond central vision
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What type of vision is for perception?
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Central
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What type of vision is for action?
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Peripheral
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What is optic flow?
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Rays of the light that shrinks the retina
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What is the ventral stream?
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Perception
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What is the dorsal stream?
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Action
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What is perception?
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linking together of a perceptual event and an action
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What is the range for simple RT to a visual signal?
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100-160
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What is the speed accuracy trade off?
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The accuracy of the movement will influence the speed so that the emphasis on accuracy will reduce speed
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What is the order for the speed accuracy trade off?
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1st - Accuracy
2nd - Speed |
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What is the mathematical law that predicted movement speed given specific accuracy characteristics?
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Fitts law
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Who created Fitts law?
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Paul Fitt
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What was Fitts law based on?
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On calculation of reciprocal tapping tasks in which subjects made repetitive back and forth movements between targets as quickly possible for certain period of time.
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What is open loop control?
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Initial movement instructions sufficient to move limb to the vicinity of the target?
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When does open loop control take place?
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At movement initiation
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What is closed loop control?
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Feedback from vision and proprioception needed at end of movement to ensure hitting target accurately
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When does closed loop control occur?
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At movement termination
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What is prehension?
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General term for actions involving reaching for and grasping of objects
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What are the three components of prehension?
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1. Transport
2. Grasp 3. Object manipulation |
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How does vision take a role in prehension?
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1. Preparation of the initiation of movement
2. Transport of hand to the object 3. Grasp of the object |
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What type of vision directs a hand to object?
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Central vision
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What type of vision provides hand movement feedback?
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Peripheral vision
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What is motor equivalence?
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When a person can adapt to various context demands
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What are bimanual coordination skills?
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Motor skills that require simultaneous use of two arms
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What is motor control characteristics?
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That two arms tend to prefer to perform symmetrically
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True of false: With practice a person can learn to dissociate the two limbs to perform asymmetric bimanual skill
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True
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What is locomotion?
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Gait
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What is CPG?
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Central pattern generators
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What controls locomotion?
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The spinal cord
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What are the 3 phases of catching a moving object?
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1. Initial positioning of arm and hand
2. Shaping of hand and fingers 3. Grasping the object |
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What are the 2 critical time periods?
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1. Initial flight portion
2. Just prior to hand contact |
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What is the ball speed effect?
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When skilled strikers demonstrate similar bat movement time for all ball speeds, just changing the amount of time before initiating bat movement
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What is visual contact with moving ball?
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When skilled strikers do not maintain visual contact with ball throughout ball flight but visually jump from early flight to predicted location in area to strike ball
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What are the stages of performing an action?
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1. Action intention
2. Preparation 3. Action Initiation 4. Action termination |
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What is the commonly used index of the preparation time required to produce action?
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Reaction time
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What is hicks law?
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RT increases as the number of choices increase
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True or false? RT decreases as the predictability of the correct response choice increases
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True
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What is precue?
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An advance indication that a specific upcoming event will require a response
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What is an example of stroop effect?
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The color and word game
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True or false: RT decreases as amount of complexity of the action increases
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False
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True of false: RT increases as movement accuracy demands of the action increase
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True
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What is the psychological refractory period?
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The delay of response to the 2nd stimulus
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What motor control events occur during preparation?
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Postural preparation
Limb performance characteristics Object control characteristics Sequences of movements Spatial coding Rhythmicity |
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What are some limb performance characteristics?
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Movement
Direction Trajectory End-point accuracy |
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What is rhythmicity preparation?
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Preperformance rituals
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Attention refers to characteristics associated with?
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1. Consciousness
2. Awareness 3. Cognitive effort |
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Why when multitasking we cannot do all the tasks as we would like?
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Attention is a limiting factor
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What is the filter theory?
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Difficulty doing multiple tasks simultaneously
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What is the alternative theory (Resource capacity theories)?
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Difficulty doing multitasks due to limited resources
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What is the central resource capacity theory?
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One central source of attention resources for which all activities require attention compete
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What is the arousal level?
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the factor that influences the amount of attention capacity for a specific performance situation
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What are the 3 rules people use to allocate available attention resources when performing multiple task?
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1. Ensure completion of at least one task
2. Enduring dispositions involuntary attention 3. Momentary intentions |
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What is the multiple resource theories?
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That we have several sources of attention
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What is attentional focus?
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The marshaling of attention resources to direct them to specific of our performance or performance environment
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What is attention switching?
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The changing of attention focus characteristics in a situation that allows successful performance
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What is automaticity?
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The performance of a skill without requiring attention resources
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What is visual selective attention?
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The study of attention as it relates to the use of vision in the election of environmental information in the preparation and performance of an action
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Visual search picks up cues that influence which 3 aspects of action preparation?
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1. Action selection
2. Constraining of the selected action 3. Timing of action initiation |
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What is memory?
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Our capacity to remember
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What are the two functional systems of memory?
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1. Working memory
2. Long term memory |
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What are the memory functions?
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Storage
Retrieval System specific |
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What are the 3 memory systems in short term memory?
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Phonoligocial
Visuospatial sketchpad Central executive |
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What is central executive?
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coordinates the info in the working memory system, includes memory from long-term
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What is working memory?
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Memory system associated with sensory, perceptual, attentional, and short term memory processing
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What is the function of working memory?
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Enable people to respond according to the demands of a right now situation
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What is duration of working memory?
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20-30 sec
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What is the capacity of working memory?
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7 things
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What is long term memory?
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Serves as more permanent storage repository of information
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What are the 3 types of memory system in long term?
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Procedural
Semantic Episode |
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What are procedural systems?
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How to
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What are semantic systems?
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General knowledge
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What ar episode systems?
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Personal experiences
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What is declarative knowledge?
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Verbally described
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What is procedural knowledge
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Things how to do but can not be verbalized
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What is encoding?
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Process of transforming to be remembered info into a form that can be stored in memory
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What is storage?
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Placing information into long term memory
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What is retrieval?
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Searching through long term memory
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What are some explicit memory tests?
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Recal, and recongnition test
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What are some implicit tests?
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Accessing information that is difficult to verbalize
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What are some reasons for forgetting?
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Trace decay
Proactive interference Retroactive interference |
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What do all the reasons of forgetting have in common?
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They come from working memory and long term memory
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What are strategies for increasing memory?
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Increasing movement meaningfulness
The intention of remembering Subjective organization |
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What is verbal labeling?
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attach a specific label to the movement
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What is visual metaphoric imagery?
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Producing an image to relate to the movement
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