Espm Lec 15

Front 1

The proces in which a predator can learn to be more efficient in locating, catching and handling prey is called _____

Back 1

functional response

x-axis --> prey density

y-axis --> number prey eaten per predator per day

Front 2

what is funtional response

Back 2

change in behavior of an individual predator in response to the availability of prey

Front 3

Describe the three types of prey choince (learning) --> effieciency at prey consumption

Back 3

type I exponential growth:
*says that a predator will eat prey at the same rate regardless of how many preys there are.
*as prey density incr. that predators just eats more
**effiency doesn't change over time

type II functional response:
**increadily effiency at eating a prey early, but it will reach a point at saturation where it is eating as fast it can. And it doesn't matter if prey density increase b/c predators is already eating as fast as possible

Type 3 functional response
--The most realistic
--looks like a logistic curve and has three stages:

a.(initial phase) prey is increasing in density, but predators doesn't recognized prey as food

b. predator is becoming more effiecient--> is learning to locate and catch prey

3. Predator is eating prey as fast as it can. As it reaches max rate of prey consumption it levels off

Front 4

[Prey choice: availability] How does predator respond to the availability of prey

Back 4

predators will maximize benefit by choosing the most available prey

**note: availablity is not necessarily the same as abundance (b/c a prey species may be abundant but hidden from predators)

Front 5

[pey choice: Prey defense]

Back 5

regardless of their tastiness, some prey are not worth the trouble

ex: of prey defense
*Toxic plant prey
*troublesome animal prey

Front 6

what does it means by arm rise?

Back 6

each side (predator and prey) has to become more and more sophisticated to deal with one another.

Front 7

[Prey choice: Risk]

Back 7

prey are less attractive if they expose the predator to its own predators

ex: chikadees and squirrels choose prey closer to escape cover

Front 8

Optimal foraging theory (putting all these foraging risk together)
*An economic model
Describe it's equation
profit =

Back 8

profit = [energy gain - energy cost]/ foraging time

energy gain = caloric value of a food item

energy cost = energy used to find, capture, handle, and eat food item

foraging time = time spent finding, capturing, handling, and eating food item

Front 9

In 1960 who says the world is green top down?

Back 9

Hairston, Smith and Slobodkin

Front 10

What is thier HSS Hypothesis

Back 10

HSS Hypothesis: Herbivore abundance determined by predators rather than vegetation. As a result, herbivores do not regulate plants (which are regulated by nutrient supply)

HSS hypothesis: predation rule the earth predation is why the land mass is green. Predators regulate Herbivores predation on plants thus allowing them to grow (and plants are regulated by nutrient supply)

**Top down control

Front 11

versus bottom- up control says that

Back 11

everything is resources limited not predator limited

**means that its all about plants. Plants are regulated by resouces. and That herbivores will be limited to the amount of plant given to them and carnivores will be limited to the amt of herbivores available to them

Front 12

Top down control

Back 12

opp. of bottom up

**Predators limit herbervores freeing the world to be open up to plants

Front 13

[predation and grouping] what is the "dilution effect"

Back 13

for any one predator attack, the larger the group of prey animals, the smaller the chance that any particular individual will be the vitim

Front 14

"the Geometry of the the selfish herd" means

Back 14

Idea by W.D Hamilton

there is a certain process by which indivs. behave where if they are on the edge they want to get in the middle b/c its safer.

**safer middle of group compared to edge.
**Nearer you are to others, more chance they are killed rather than you

Front 15

[Predation and vigilance]
Grouping could bring double advantage what are they?

vigilance (looking for predators)

Back 15

**Many eyes-- predator detected sooner

**each individual does less vigilance -- more time for feeding

**vigilance= watching out for prey

Front 16

what does synchrony means

Back 16

which requires the coordination of events to operate a system in unison.

ex: all birds egg hatch at the same time to avoid being eaten.