Espm 40

Front 1

Instar

Back 1

Stage between molts.

Period of time where insect is given exoskeleton (?)

Front 2

molting

Back 2

process of producing new cuticle and shedding the old

Front 3

incomplete metamorphosis

Back 3

gradual change in each stage
immatures called nymphs
stages: egg, larva or nymph, adult
EX: mayflies, grasshoppers, true bugs, thrips

Front 4

complete metamorphosis

Back 4

morphology of immature stages differ radically from adult
greatest number of species have complete metamorphosis (egg, larva, pupa, adult)
EX: beetles, moths and butterflies, flies, bees, ants , wasps).

Front 5

phytophagy or herbivory

Back 5

-maceration of plant tissues or imbibing plant fluids and digesting these for nutrients
-all plant parts, both living and dead, are used by some insect

Front 6

non-phytophagous insects

Back 6

use plants indirectly for food
(attine ants harvest leaf bits and feed on the fungi that grows on them),(plants used as shelter by non-phytophagous insects)

Front 7

endosymbionts

Back 7

organism that lives within the phytophagous insect to assist in breaking down plant tissue (phytophagy insects have limited ability to break down cellulose)

Front 8

monophagous

Back 8

specific to one plant
EX: many leopidoptera

Front 9

oligophagous

Back 9

will use a few related or similar plants
EX: colorado potato beetle us solanum species or (potatoes, nightshades, and other species in the genus)
monarch butterflies use various asclepias species (milkweeds)

Front 10

polyphagous

Back 10

will use a wide variety of plants
EX: most orthoptera (hungry lotus will chew on wooden fence posts)
crickets will eat clothing

Front 11

direct damage (insect-plant interaction)

Back 11

from chewing, sucking, and gall inducing
1. cosmetic
2. reduction of yield
3. death
4. phytotoxenia

Front 12

phytotoxenia

Back 12

reaction to insect saliva
a. lesions, malformations, death (hopper burn)
b. remove insects and plants will recover

Front 13

indirect damage (insect-plant interaction)

Back 13

disease vectoring
1. viruses; lettuce mosaic virus
2. bacteria; pierce's disease in grape vines
3. fungi; dutch elm disease

Front 14

zoophagous or carnivorous

Back 14

feeding on other animals in order to obtain nutrients
(know the 8 classifications)

Front 15

predators

Back 15

capture and consume living prey

Front 16

parasites

Back 16

live in close association with a single individual host without directly killing it

Front 17

parasitoids

Back 17

live in close association with a single individual host that is slowly consumed, resulting in death of the host
many hymentoptera and diptera

Front 18

blood feeders (hematophagous)

Back 18

feed on a series of hosts and live separately
many of these are significant disease vectors

Front 19

inquilines

Back 19

an animal that lives commensally in the nest, burrow, or dwelling place of an animal of another species

Front 20

social parasites

Back 20

live at the expense of the colony
-use the nests and workforce of other species to raise their own offspring
-exploit the chemical communication by fooling hosts
-slave making
-cleptoparasites (cuckoo bee) larvae feed on stored provisions. mother or larva may kill host larva or egg

Front 21

scavengers (saprophagous)

Back 21

feed on waste, dropping, carcasses and exudates

Front 22

fungivorous

Back 22

largely or entirely dependent on fungi
a. feeding on fruit bodies, hyphae or spores

Front 23

zoonosis

Back 23

diseases that are naturally transmitted between humans and other vertebrate animals
transmission through contact
EX: rabies, anthrax, SARS

Front 24

direct zoonosis

Back 24

mechanical transimission where the agent is moved directly from the source to the recipient on external features. this is basically accidental and not an integral part of the life cycle of the pathogen

Front 25

metazoonoses

Back 25

biologically vectored agents that use the vector as an important part of the life cycle. most commonly the transmission occurs through saliva or feces

Front 26

4 termite ecological groups that occur globally

Back 26

subterranean, dampwood, drywood, and mound builders

Front 27

3 non-chemical control for termites

Back 27

physical barriers, metal guards, heat, microwaves, electric shock, liquid nitrogen, biological control, better building practices, don't use wood

Front 28

3 detection methods other than visual searches for termite infestations

Back 28

dogs, microwaves, x-ray, infrared, methane gas detectors, carbon dioxide detectors, acoustic emission detectors)

Front 29

sociality insects

Back 29

cooperative interactions, aside from mating behavior, among individuals or the same species

Front 30

solitary insects

Back 30

not social in behavior. interact only for mating and male or female territoriality

Front 31

presocial

Back 31

social but not having all three of the characteristics of eusociality

Front 32

eusocial

Back 32

"true sociality" characterized by:
1. co-operative care of young. offspring do not survive without action of parents and/or siblings
2. overlap of generations-parent and siblings care for juveniles and contribute to colony function
3. reproductive division of labor-one or few females lay all the eggs
EX: termites, ants, and honey bees

Front 33

honey bee round dance

Back 33

food nearby

Front 34

honey bee waggie dance

Back 34

conveys direction and distance

Front 35

pseudosting

Back 35

only with males. it is a sharp point on the apical abdominal segment that is jabbed in defense. can be painful but does not inject anything

Front 36

neurotoxic (caused from venom)

Back 36

paralysis of nervous system

Front 37

hemorrhagic (caused from venom)

Back 37

increase in the permeability of the blood capillaries

Front 38

hemolytic (caused from venom)

Back 38

destruction of red blood cells

Front 39

structure of the sting (hymenoptera)

Back 39

venom sac, venom pumps, lancets (wasps have smooth removable lancets while bees have barbed irremovable lancets), apparatus retracts inside the abdomen
-the stinging by bees and wasps is accompanied by a realease of alarm pheromone to call others to attack.

Front 40

venom (a few components)

Back 40

1. histamines
2. proteins
3. non-proteinaceous substances (acetylcholine, dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, serotonin, many others)

Front 41

chemial ecology

Back 41

involves both produciton and reception of chemical signals. chemical signals mediate all aspects of insects' lives and their ecological interactions

Front 42

semiochemicals

Back 42

chemicals involved in communication

Front 43

pheremones

Back 43

chemical messages that induce a behavioral reaction or physiological process among individuals of the same species

Front 44

kairomones

Back 44

chemical cues between individuals of different species that benefit the receiver

Front 45

allomones

Back 45

chemical cues between individuals of different species that benefit the emitter. typically these are defensive compounds

Front 46

aposematism

Back 46

warning signals that the insect is toxic, bad tasting or can cause injury

Front 47

mimicry

Back 47

convergence on a model pattern

Front 48

Batesian Mimicry

Back 48

tricking predators into thinking that they are unpalatable

Front 49

Mullerian Mimicry

Back 49

truly unpalatable species share a common signal

Front 50

Zoonoses cycles 4 basic elements

Back 50

1. the disease agent: the pathogen. typically viruses, bacteria, protozoa.
2. the vector: moves the agent from one host to another. Insects-fleas, hemipterans, diptera and non-insects mite and ticks
3. primary reservoir or host
4. permissive environment

Front 51

apterae

Back 51

wingless aphids

Front 52

alates

Back 52

winged aphids

Front 53

algor mortis

Back 53

changes in body temperature after death

Front 54

autolysis

Back 54

the cells that make up your body start to dissolve and melt when you die

Front 55

livor mortis or lividity

Back 55

settling of blood after death

Front 56

rigor mortis

Back 56

permanent contraction of skeletal muscle associated with death

Front 57

examples of mosquito borne diseases

Back 57

malaria, WNV, dengue, yellow fever

Front 58

sentinel chicken testing

Back 58

a method to monitor WNV.
advantages include:
1. chickens develop antibody response to WNV
2. not killed by WNV
3. regular samplings tell you when they contracted the disease
4. Chickens are not flying around so you know where they got the disease.
5. virus does poorly in chickens so they don't pass the virus to other mosquitoes

Front 59

parthenogenesis

Back 59

reproduction without male fertilization

Front 60

aphid lifecycle

Back 60

1. primary host-tree on which eggs pass the winter
2. apterae adult develops from the egg and gives live birth without mating (parthenogenesis)
3. several generations may follow this pattern of asexual development by apterous aphids
4. at some point, develop into winged adults (alates)
5. fly to secondary host such as grass
6. apterae and alates develop depending on crowding, temperature, and host plant condition
7. in autumn, short days and lower temperatures trigger the development of winged males and females
8. these females give live birth to an aphid (ovipara) that will mate and lay an over-wintering egg

Front 61

plant defenses (against herbivory)

Back 61

1. non-preference: not strongly attractive
2. antibiosis: reduce feeding, growth, reproductive success
3. tolerance: herbivory has little/no effect

Front 62

modes of defense (against herbivory)

Back 62

1. chemical: repellants, antifeedants, toxins, growth regulators, proteinase inhibitors
2. physical: tough cellulose covering
3. ecological:
a. phenology-timing of life cycle
b. spacial distribution-scattered or isolated plants, uniform stands, etc.

Front 63

entomophagous

Back 63

feeding on insects to use their nutrients