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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What was the purpose of espionage? |
To gather information and intelligence, military and technical capabilities, actions and intentions |
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How did they collect information? |
Paying informers and double-agents, stealing documents, intercepting communications, surveillance |
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What does OSS stand for? |
Office of Strategic Services |
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What does CIA stand for? |
Central Intelligence Agency |
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What was the Soviet intelligence branch called? |
KGB |
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When was the OSS active? |
Used throughout WW2 until the instatement of the CIA in 1947 |
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Why did the Americans replace the OSS |
The OSS was a military faction and it limited their capabilities. The CIA were civilian and therefore were less intelligible |
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What was unique about the way in which the CIA operated? |
They were shaped by Cold War mentality and were not subject to scrutiny in Congress under normal democratic processes |
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What did one early CIA directive state? |
It authorised the CIA to conduct secret operations ‘against hostile foreign states or groups or in support of friendly states or groups’ so that ‘US government responsibility for them was not evident to unauthorised persons’ |
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What were the implications of the early directive? |
That a civilian agency were given licence to for and on behalf of its employer in often unimaginable and brutal ways whilst maintaining plausible deniability on the part of the government and CIA agents |
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What does NSA stand for? |
National Security Agency |
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When was the NSA founded? |
1952 |
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What does FBI stand for? |
Federal Bureau of Investigations |
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When was the FBI founded? |
1908 |
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What did the NSA do? |
Monitored, intercepted and decided signals and radio traffic |
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What did the FBI do? |
Investigated criminal activity on home soil including espionage and treason |
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What was the main departure point between he FBI and CIA? |
Overlap in responsibilities meant that the CIA often breached their legal responsibility to never conduct activities in America |
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How did J. Edgar Hoover retaliate? |
Operated strong anti-CIA campaign by withholding information |
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Why was the CIA considered elitist? |
Unaccepting, saw itself above the norms of the wider society. I.e abiding by laws |
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What percentage of CIA employees were men? |
58% |
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What percentage of CIA agents had a Harvard degree? |
25% |
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Why were gays not allowed in the CIA? |
In line with McCarthy anti-communism policy and to save revelations that would cause embarrassment. |
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What was the problem with the exclusivity of the CIA? |
Bigoted approach that could easily discount or discredit methods and techniques used by more experienced agencies or agents. |
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What was the nature of CIA operations? |
General surveillance of foreign agents and defectors; deployment of agents abroad and illicit operations including human testing (mind-altering drugs) |
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How else did the CIA assist the American government? |
Aiding foreign policy by intervening and manipulating foreign civil wars, funding anti- communist rebellions and coups and undermining democracies |
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An example of CIA intervention against foreign communism... |
Chile, 1973 |
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An example of carrying out a war by proxy |
Armed 1500 Cuban exiles to overthrow Fidel Castro |
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Why did the US want to overthrow Fidel Castro? |
Castro had Soviet backing to spread communism |
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How did the US collect intell on Cubans and Soviets? |
U-2 flight over both territories |
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When was the U-2 shot down? |
May 1960 |
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Why was the shooting down of the U-2 a blow to the CIA? |
Impeded further close-quarters surveillance operations |
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Where did distrust in intelligence agencies stem from? |
Extensive Soviet infiltration of the Manhattan Project |
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What does CPUSA stand for? |
Communist Party of the United States of America |
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What was the key issue with the CPUSA? |
Disproportionate number of highly educated members who were likely to be employed in government organisations |
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When did many physicists and engineers begin to volunteer their services to the Soviet? |
Mid- to late- 1940s |
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When did evidence begin to show of secrets being traded to the Soviets? |
By the 1950s |
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Where was the suspicious evidence logged? |
VENONA system |
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Name of a defector caught in the late 40s, early 50s... |
Bruno Pontecorvo |
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Which places did Bruno Pontecorvo trade secrets on? |
Chalk River, Ontario and Manhattan Project, Los Alamos |
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Name of notoriously paranoid CIA chief... |
Jim Angleton |
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What was Jim Angleton’s main role? |
To police the CIA for Soviet infiltrators and moles |
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What was the name of the agent who had befriended Jim Angleton and traded the secrets they shared? |
Kim Phillby |
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When was Kim Phillby found out? |
1951 |
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What happened after Phillby had been caught out? |
Resurfaced later as a KGB general |
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What was the key issue with US spies in the early 50s? |
There were no American or British spies on the ground at the time of notable infiltrations |
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When had Russia started using spy tactics? |
As early as 1800 |
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What was the name of the original Soviet spy agency and who were they spying on? |
Okhrana- their own people |
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What was the main aim of every Soviet spy agency throughout history? |
To catch ‘enemies of the state’ |
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When was the KGB formed? |
March 1954, shortly after Stalin’s death (1953) |
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What was a major benefit of the KGB for the Soviets? |
Links between the KGB and its ancestors were visible including the information, recruits and tactics for which the groundwork had been laid since WW2 |
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What gave the KGB a positive advantage over the early CIA? |
Preparedness to utilise ruthless tactics and naivety of the CIA |
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The efficiency of the KGB meant that... |
Stalin knew more about the bomb that was dropped on Japan in 1945 than most American politicians |
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Who observed that Soviet espionage became an obsession affecting almost every American legislative body? |
John Earl Haynes (historian) |
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How were the public involved in the nuclear paranoia described by Haynes? |
The public were essentially militarised against the perceived threat of communism, meaning that not all spies were on the payroll |
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At its height, paranoia saw the incarceration of which couple? |
The Rosenbergs |
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Why was public opinion divided on the outcome of the Rosenberg trial? |
US lacked confessional evidence or otherwise but the couple were sentenced under the espionage act to death by electric chair |
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What year were the Rosenbergs executed? |
1953 |
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Whose evidence was used in the conviction of the Rosenbergs? |
David Greenglass |
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Who had been undeniably caught in acts of espionage that led to the arrest of David Greenglass? |
Harry Gold |
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During the 1960s, nuclear tensions began to settle. What became the new battle? |
Space Race |
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When was Sputnik 1 launched into orbit? |
1957 |
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Who was being utilised in the space race |
Nazi scientists (post-war scramble) |
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Who ‘won’ the top scientist? |
West |
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Why was the top scientist revered? |
Taken lead role in the development of the v-2 rocket |
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What space successes had the Americans had in the 60s? |
Various Apollo missions, most notably Apollo 8 First man to orbit the Earth Neil Armstrong moon landing (1969) |
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Why was space technology important? |
Espionage carried out via satellites- concealed, spying directly onto territories of interest in contrast with earlier U-2 missions |
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Why was the 1980s such a turning point in the political landscape? |
Soviet intell leaks over a decade from the late 50s showed Soviet nuclear paranoia, lessening the threat of a nuclear attack on America Political approach to the Soviet Union redirected- less focus on espionage to settle Cold War with Soviets. |
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What was the name of the Soviet who leaked intelligence to the British? |
Oleg Gordievsky |
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Name of female ex- MI6 operator |
Daphne Park |
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What did Daphne Park explain? |
Knowing the leaked information meant that the reality of the threat was drastically less than previously thought and allowed President Reagan and Thatcher to manage the end of the Cold War more effectively |
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Why was the political climate in the Soviet Union unstable in the 80s? |
Crumbling economy- essential food rationing Abandonment of Soviet communism in peripheral Soviet countries and a reluctance for leadership to defend its claim there Abandonment of nine-year war in Afghanistan |
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How did the US and Britain manipulate the unstable political climate in the 80s? |
Negotiated higher oil output at a three-times reduced price from Afghanistan, affecting the Soviet’s main export and damaging their economy further |
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How did the Soviet’s try to consolidate their waning power? |
Through late implementation of liberal reforms- opening up of freedom of communication between East and West Berlin in 1989 |
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What was the unintended result of the liberal reforms? |
Frustration in East Berlin and a desire to reunite with their families and contacts across the wall saw the bringing down of the wall and the symbolic lifting of the iron curtain |
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What had happened in the Soviet Union by 1991? |
Anti-Soviet laws leant themselves to the removal of Soviet power in the Republics and the end of the Soviet regime |
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What happened when the Soviet president initially sought an end to the Cold War? |
Strict communist supporters disagreed with Gorbachev’s ideas on allowing communism and capitalism to co-exist- August coup, house arrest |
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Name of President of Soviet before August Couo |
Gorbachev |
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Who succeeded Gorbachev |
Yeltsin |
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What happened when Yeltsin took power? |
Break up of the Soviet Union continued and Russia was declared a state- failed August coup |
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What were the implications of the Soviet political climate on US espionage? |
Scaled back and only required to ‘keep in touch’ with Soviet developments as no further threats were expected to arise |
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What was the only thing intelligence agencies were not able to predict? |
The end of the Cold War |
