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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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most common form of esophageal atresia
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transesophageal fistula
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odynophagia
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painful swallowing
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what is an esophageal web
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shelf-like mucous in lumen in upper esophagus
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plummer-vinson syndrome
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triad of iron deficiency, glossitis, and cheilosis
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sx of esophageal web
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long-standing GERD
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what is an esophageal ring
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hypertrophied muscularis in lower esophagus
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three types of true diverticula
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zenker: just above UES
traction: mid-esophagus epiphrenic: just above LES |
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congenital island of ectopic gastric mucosa in esophagus
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inlet patch
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prevalence of inlets patches
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seen in 10% of upper endoscopies
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achalasia
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impaired smooth muscle relaxation of the LES
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triad of sx of achalasis
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incomplete LES relaxation
increased LES tone aperistalsis |
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secondary causes of achalasia
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chagas disease!!!
amyloidosis diabetes polio |
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sx of esophageal varices
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GI bleed
liver disease!!!! |
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etiology of esophageal varices
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portal hypertension (collateral circulation into esophagus)
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sequelae of esophageal varices
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massive hematemesis
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esophageal bleeding conditions other that varices
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mallory-weiss tears (not complete tear)
Boerhaave syndrome (complete tear) |
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sx of mallory-weiss tears
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severe retching (vomiting into esophagus) and vomiting
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two types of hiatal hernia
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sliding hernia (more common)
paraesophageal hernia (more sx) |
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what is a hiatal hernia
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herniation of stomach through esophageal diaphragmatic hiatus
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cardia ascends and pushes lower esophagus upward (bell shaped dilation)
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sliding hernia
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herniation of stomach alongside esophagus
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paraesophageal hernia
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esophagitis
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epithelial damage and inflammation
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most common cause of esophagitis
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GERD
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difference between GERD and eosiniphilic esophagitis
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GERD: eosiniphils are restricted to distal esophagus
EE: eosiniphils are mainly in proximal and mid-esophagus |
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lymphocyte present in all forms of esophagitis
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eosiniphil
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eosiniphils are present where in the esophagus in eosiniphilic inflammation
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proximal to mid-esophagus
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viral causes of infectious esophagitis
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HSV: herpes esophagitis
CMV |
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sx herpes esophagitis
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herpetic ulcers
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infectious agent in esophagitis of HIV patients
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CMV
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sx of CMV esophagitis
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well-circumscribed ulcers
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well circumscribed ulcers in esophagus
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CMV esophagitis
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antiviral that is ineffective against CMV
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acyclovir
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small white mucosal plaques seen on endoscopy
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candida esophagitis
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conditions that predispose to candida esophagitis
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diabetes!!
HIV |
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where is candida found in nature
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normal flora of GI
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pathogenesis of GERD
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decreased competence of LES
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tx of GERD
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drugs (H2 blockers, PPI)
surgical (reduce hiatal hernia) |
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sequelae of chronic GERD
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Barrett esophagus
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what is barrett esophagus
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intestinal goblet cell metaplasia
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required for dx of barett esophagus
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correlation between endoscopic findings and histologic findings
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barrett esophagus is a risk factor for what
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esophageal adenocarcinoma
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in barrett related dysplasia, neoplastic changes occur in what type of cells
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glandular epithelial cells
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grading of barrets related dysplasis
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high (50% risk of adenocarcinoma)
low |
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types of esophageal neoplasms
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majority are carcinomas (squamous of adenocarcinoma)
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95% of adenocarcinomas arise in the background of what
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long-standing GERD and Barrett mucosa
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majority of squamous cell carcinomas occur where in the esophagus
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middle 1/3
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viral risk factor of squamous cell carcinoma
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HPV
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TMN characteristics of squamous cell carcinoma
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T: superficial (70% 5 y survival)
deep (10-50% 5 y survivial) N: 60% mets to lymph nodes M: liver and lung mets common |
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webs can occur in the context of what disease
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long standing GERD
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esophageal bleeding condition that can lead to mediastinitis
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boerhaave syndrome
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tx of eosiniphilic esophagitis
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steroids
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difference in location between adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma
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adenocarcinoma: distal 1/3
squamous cell: middle 1/3 |
