Esophagram & Upper Gi

Front 1

Upper GI: The stomach appears blotchy within the barium filled areas, what may cause this?

Back 1

Residual food particles, inadequate preparation

Front 2

Upper GI: If the air filled fundus is overexposed, preventing demonstration of abnormalities, what was the error?

Back 2

mAs too high or the AEC is positioned beneath the barium filled body and pylorus

Front 3

During an upper GI you notice that the stomach is foreshortened and compressed, what can you do to correct this?

Back 3

Exposure on expiration

Front 4

List the seven major components of the alimentary canal.

Back 4

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus

Front 5

List the four accessory organs of digestion.

Back 5

salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder

Front 6

What are the primary functions of the digestive system?

Back 6

intake/ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination

Front 7

What two terms refer to a radiographic examination of the pharynx and esophagus?

Back 7

barium swallow or esophagram

Front 8

Which term describes the radiographic study of the distal esophagus, stomach and duodenum?

Back 8

upper GI

Front 9

What three pairs of salivary glands are accessory organs of digestion associated with the mouth?

Back 9

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

Front 10

What is the act of swallowing called?

Back 10

deglutition

Front 11

List the three divisions of the pharynx.

Back 11

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

Front 12

What two structures create the two indentations seen along the lateral border of the esophagus?

Back 12

Aortic arch and left primary bronchus

Front 13

List the three structures that pass through the diaphragm.

Back 13

Aorta, inferior vena cava, esophagus

Front 14

What part of the upper GI tract is a common site for ulcers?

Back 14

dilation of esophagus

Front 15

What term describes the junction between the duodenum and the jejunum?

Back 15

duodenojejunal flexure

Front 16

True or false. The c-loop of the duodenum and pancreas are retroperitoneal structures.

Back 16

True

Front 17

True or false. The body of the stomach curves inferiorly and posteriorly from the fundus.

Back 17

False, inferiorly and anteriorly

Front 18

Name the three main divisions of the stomach.

Back 18

fundus, body, pyloric

Front 19

Which two structures form the "romance of the abdomen"?

Back 19

The c-loop of the duodenum and the pancreas

Front 20

True or false. Mechanical digestion includes movements of all the GI tract.

Back 20

True

Front 21

True or false. Peristaltic activity is not found in the pharynx.

Back 21

True

Front 22

What are stomach contents called once they are churned into a semifluid mass?

Back 22

Chyme

Front 23

What is the churning or mixing activity present in the small bowel called?

Back 23

rhythmic segmentation

Front 24

List the three classes of substances that are ingested and need to be chemically digested.

Back 24

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

Front 25

What are the biological catalysts that speed up the process of digestion?

Back 25

enzymes

Front 26

List the end products of digestion for carbohydrates, lipids and proteins.

Back 26

Carbohydrates: Simple sugars
Lipids: fatty acids & glycerol
Proteins: amino acids

Front 27

What is the name of the liquid substance that aids in digestion and is manufactured in the liver and stored in the gallbladder?

Back 27

bile

Front 28

Absorption of nutrients primarily takes place in the ______, although some substances are absorbed through the lining of the ________.

Back 28

small intestine, stomach

Front 29

__________ is a substance that is not an enzyme but serves to emulsify fats.

Back 29

bile

Front 30

Of the three primary food substances, the digestion of which one begins in the mouth?

Back 30

Carbohydrates

Front 31

Any residues of digestion or unavsorbed digestive products are eliminated from the ___________.

Back 31

Large intestine

Front 32

Peristalsis is an example of which type of digestion?

Back 32

mechanical

Front 33

What body habitus would have a high and transverse stomach?

Back 33

Hyperstenic

Front 34

What body habitus would have a J-shaped stomach that is more vertical and lower in the abdomen with the duodenal bulb at the level of L3-L4?

Back 34

Hyposthenic/Asthenic

Front 35

On the average, how much will the abdominal organs drop in the erect position?

Back 35

1-2"

Front 36

Name the two abdominal organs most dramatically effected by body habitus?

Back 36

stomach and gallbladder

Front 37

Would the fundus be more superior or more inferior when one takes a deep breath? Why?

Back 37

inferior, the stomach is proximal to the diaphragm

Front 38

What types of mechanical digestion and/or movement occur in the oral cavity?

Back 38

Mastication and deglutition

Front 39

What types of mechanical digestion and/or movement occur in the pharynx?

Back 39

Deglutition

Front 40

What types of mechanical digestion and/or movement occur in the esophagus?

Back 40

Deglutition and peristalsis

Front 41

What types of mechanical digestion and/or movement occur in the stomach?

Back 41

Peristalsis and mixing

Front 42

What types of mechanical digestion and/or movement occur in the small intestine?

Back 42

Peristalsis and rhythmic segmentation

Front 43

What is another term for a negative contrast medium?

Back 43

radiolucent

Front 44

What is another name for a positive contrast medium?

Back 44

Radiopaque

Front 45

What substance is most commonly ingested to produce carbon dioxide gas as a negative contrast medium for GI studies?

Back 45

CO2 crystals

Front 46

What is the ratio of barium to water for a thin barium mixture?

Back 46

1:1

Front 47

What is the chemical symbol for barium sulfate?

Back 47

BaSO4

Front 48

What is the term for the speed with which barium passes through the GI tract?

Back 48

gastric motility

Front 49

What is the purpose of the gas with a double contrast study of the GI tract?

Back 49

forces the barium against the stomach mucosa

Front 50

For photospot or cine images, such as recorded on a 105-mm film, what side of the image intensifier are the images taken from?

Back 50

Output side

Front 51

For conventional spot film images on 8x10 cassettes, what side of the image intensifier are the images taken from?

Back 51

Input side

Front 52

Do photospot or cine images (taken from the output side), or conventional spot film images (taken from the input side) have a brighter image?

Back 52

Photospot or cine

Front 53

How many times brighter is the fluoroscopic image when enhanced or brightened by the image intensifier?

Back 53

1000-6000 times

Front 54

What device, found beneath the table, greatly reduces the exposure to the technologist from the fluoro tube?

Back 54

Bucky slot shield

Front 55

What is the major benefit of using a compression paddle during an upper GI?

Back 55

reduces exposure to the arms and hands of radiologist

Front 56

List six advantages or unique features and capabilities of digital fluoro over conventional.

Back 56

No cassettes
Optional post-fluoroscopic overhead images
Multiple frame formatting & "original" films
Cine loop capabilities
Image enhancement and manipulation
Reduced patient exposure

Front 57

What is another term that describes intermittent "road mapping" when used in digital fluoro?

Back 57

Frame hold

Front 58

What is difficulty swallowing also referred to as?

Back 58

Dysphagia

Front 59

What is it called when there is replacement of normal squamous epithelium with columnar epithelium?

Back 59

Barrett's esophagus

Front 60

What is it called when there is large outpouching of the esophagus?

Back 60

Zenker's diverticulum

Front 61

Cardiospasm is also referred to as ____________.

Back 61

Achalasia

Front 62

What is the most common form of adenocarcinoma?

Back 62

carcinoma of the esophagus

Front 63

What is it called when there is blood in the vomit?

Back 63

hematemesis

Front 64

What is it called when there is inflammation in the lining of the stomach?

Back 64

gastritis

Front 65

What is blind outpouching of the mucosal wall called?

Back 65

diverticula

Front 66

What is it called when undigested material gets trapped in the stomach?

Back 66

Bezoar

Front 67

What is synonymous with gastric or duodenal ulcer?

Back 67

peptic ulcer

Front 68

eWhat is it called when a portion of the stomach protrudes through the diaphragmatic opening?

Back 68

Hiatal hernia

Front 69

Only 5% of ulcers lead to _____________.

Back 69

perforating ulcers

Front 70

Double-contrast upper GI is the golden standard for diagnosing __________.

Back 70

gastric carcinoma

Front 71

Its presence indicates a possible sliding hiatal hernia.

Back 71

Schatzke's Ring

Front 72

What pathologic condition appears as speckled gastric mucosa?

Back 72

gastritis

Front 73

What pathologic condition appears as a worm-like esophagus?

Back 73

esophageal varices

Front 74

What is it called when there is a stricture of the esophagus?

Back 74

achlasia

Front 75

What may irregular filling of the diaphragm indicate?

Back 75

gastric carcinoma

Front 76

What may an enlarged recess in the proximal esophagus indicate?

Back 76

Zenker's Diverticulum

Front 77

What may a "lucent-halo" sign during an upper GI indicate?

Back 77

ulcers

Front 78

Wavelike involuntary contractions that help propel food down the esophagus are called:

Back 78

Peristalsis

Front 79

True or false. If a patient exhibits itching, sneezing and tearing of the eyes with no other symptoms, during an UGI, they are most likely having a severe reaction to a contrast media.

Back 79

False

Front 80

The distal esophagus empties its contents into which of the following?

Back 80

cardiac antrum

Front 81

Which opening is located between the stomach and the small intestines?

Back 81

pyloric oriface

Front 82

What is the position? 10x12 IR lengthwise, patient prone and rotated 40-70 degrees into a right anterior oblique position. CR is perpendicular and centered to the level of approximately L2 and midway between the spine and lateral border of the elevated side.

Back 82

RAO stomach

Front 83

True or false. The entrance and exits of the stomach are called the cardiac and pyloric orificices, respectively.

Back 83

True

Front 84

For the double-contrast UGI examination with the patient recumbent, which projection produces the best image of the gas-filled fundus?

Back 84

RAO

Front 85

True or false. The abdominal portion of the esophagus is called the cardiac orifice.

Back 85

False

Front 86

The following describes what radiographic position:

14x17 IR lengthwise, patient prone and rotated 35-40 degrees into the right anterior oblique position, with the CR directed perpendicular to the level of T5-6, respiration suspended on expiration.

Back 86

RAO esophagus

Front 87

Which two oblique positions can be used to best demonstrate an unobstructed image of a barium-filled esophagus between the vertebrae and the heart?

Back 87

RAO & LPO

Front 88

To which level of the patient should the CR be directed for the right PA oblique projection (RAO position) as part of the UGI examination?

Back 88

L1-L2

Front 89

For the UGI examination with the patient recumbent, which projection best demonstrates the right retrogastric space?

Back 89

Right lateral

Front 90

True or false. The duodenum is the last segment of the stomach.

Back 90

False

Front 91

Which breathing procedure should the patient perform when the UGI radiographs are performed?

Back 91

suspend on expiration

Front 92

What is the name of the condition that results from a viral infection of the parotid gland?

Back 92

Mumps

Front 93

True or false. The abdominal portion of the esophagus lies beneath the diaphragm.

Back 93

True

Front 94

With the body in a supine position, air will fill which portion of the stomach?

Back 94

Pylorus (as well as duodenal bulb and descending duodenum)

Front 95

The distal esophagus empties its contents into the ________.

Back 95

Cardiac Antrum

Front 96

Name the salivary glands.

Back 96

Parotid, submandibular, sublingual

Front 97

What is another term for esophagram?

Back 97

barium swallow

Front 98

What is the opening between the stomach and small intestines?

Back 98

pyloric orifice

Front 99

What is the most inferior part of the stomach?

Back 99

pylorus

Front 100

The medial margin of the stomach is called the ______.

Back 100

lesser curvature

Front 101

What is the position:
10x12 IR lengthwise, patient prone and rotated 40-70 degrees into a right anterior oblique position. CR is perpendicular and centered to the level of approximately L2 and midway between the spine and lateral border of the elevated side.

Back 101

RAO stomach

Front 102

The greater curvature of the stomach is on which side?

Back 102

Lateral

Front 103

True or false. The entrance and exit of the stomach are called the cardiac and pyloric orifices?

Back 103

True

Front 104

For the double-contrast UGI examination with the patient recumbent, which projection produces the best image of the gas-filled fundus?

Back 104

RAO

Front 105

Which area is the most superior part of the stomach?

Back 105

Fundus

Front 106

True or false. The abdominal portion of the esophagus is called the cardiac orifice.

Back 106

False (cardiac antrum- the orifice is the esophagogastric junction into the stomach)

Front 107

What is the position:
14x17 IR lengthwise, patient prone and rotated 35-40 degrees into the right anterior oblique position, with the CR directed perpendicular to the level of T5-6, respiration suspended on expiration.

Back 107

RAO esophagus

Front 108

List the stomach anatomy from inferior to superior.

Back 108

Pylorus
Body
Fundus
Cardia

Front 109

Which two oblique positions can be used to best demonstrate an unobstructed image of a barium-filled esophagus between the vertebrae and the heart?

Back 109

RAO or LPO

Front 110

Which aspect of the stomach will fill with air when the patient is prone?

Back 110

Fundus

Front 111

For the AP projection as part of the UGI examination, why should the lower lung fields be included on the image receptor?

Back 111

To demonstrate a possible hiatal hernia.

Front 112

To which level of the patient should the CR be directed for the right PA oblique projection (RAO position) as part of the UGI examination?

Back 112

L1-L2

Front 113

For the UGI examination with the patient recumbent, which projection best demonstrates the right retrogastric space?

Back 113

Right Lateral

Front 114

What are the gastric folds of the stomach called?

Back 114

Rugae

Front 115

Which breathing procedure should the patient perform when the UGI radiographs are performed?

Back 115

Suspend on expiration

Front 116

For the double-contrast UGI examination, which projection produces the best image of a gas-filled duodenal bulb and pyloric canal?

Back 116

LPO

Front 117

With the body in an erect position, air will fill which portion of the stomach?

Back 117

Fundus

Front 118

With the body in a prone position, air will fill which portion of the stomach?

Back 118

Fundus

Front 119

What is the name of the condition that results from a viral infection of the parotid gland?

Back 119

Mumps

Front 120

With the body supine, air will fill which portion of the stomach?

Back 120

Pylorus