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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. What is pyrosis?
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a. Heartburn
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2. What is singultus?
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a. Hiccups
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3. What are the symptoms of GERD?
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a. Heartburn
b. Regurgitation c. Dysphagia d. Hoarseness, bad breath, gingivitis, chest pain, globus sensation |
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4. What causes GERD?
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a. Esophageal dysmotility
b. LES dysfunction c. Delayed gastric emptying d. Hiatal hernia |
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5. How do you dx GERD?
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a. EGD
b. Esophageal manometry c. pH monitoring |
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6. How do you tx GERD non-pharmaceutically?
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a. Lifestyle changes
b. Weight loss c. Small frequent meals d. Don’t eat 3 hours before bed |
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7. What foods should you avoid with GERD?
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a. Alcohol
b. Chocolate c. Citrus juice d. Peppermint e. Coffee |
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8. What pharmacologic agents can you use to treat GERD?
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a. PPIs
b. H2 blockers c. Antacids |
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9. What surgery can be used to treat GERD?
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a. Nissen fundoplication
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10. What are the complications of GERD?
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a. Esophagitis
b. Stricture c. Barrett esophagus |
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11. How can you treat Barrett Esophagus?
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a. Endoscopic ablation
b. Esophagectomy for high grade dysplasia |
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12. What is achalasia?
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a. Absence of esophageal peristalsis
b. Impaired relaxation of LES |
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13. What are the symptoms of achalasia?
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a. Dysphagia
b. Regurgitaiton of food |
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14. How do you dx achalasia?
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a. Manometry
b. Barium esophagogram c. EGD-- Bird’s beak appearance |
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15. How do you tx achalasia?
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a. Pneumatic dilation
b. Surgical myotomy c. Botulinum toxin |
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16. What is the pharmacotherapy for achalasia?
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a. Ca channel blockers
b. Nitrates |
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17. What is a Zenker’s diverticulum?
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a. Herniation of mucosa through point of weakness
b. Between thyropharyngeus and cricopharyngeus→ Killian’s triangle |
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18. What is a pulsion diverticulum?
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a. Caused by increased pressure in oropharynx during swallowing against a closed UES
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19. How do you tx a pulsion diverticulum?
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a. Cricopharyngeal myotomy and diverticula excision
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20. What are esophageal varices?
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a. Extremely dilated sub-mucosal veins in lower 1/3 of esophagus
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21. What causes esophageal varices?
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a. Portal hypertension
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22. How do you tx variceal rupture?
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a. Therapeutic endoscopy
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23. What are the steps of a therapeutic endoscopy?
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a. Variceal ligation
b. Sclerotherapy c. Sengstaken-Blakemore tube balloon |
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24. What is an esophageal ring?
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a. Concentric thin, smooth extension of normal esophageal tissue (all 3 layers)
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25. What is an esophageal web?
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a. Eccentric, thin, smooth extension of mucosa and submucosa
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26. What are the symptoms of Plummer-Vinson syndrome?
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a. Post-cricoid dysphagia
b. Esophageal webs c. Iron-deficiency anemia |
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27. Where are benign esophageal neoplasms usually found?
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a. Middle and distal thirds
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28. What are the most common intramural tumors in the esophagus?
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a. Leiomyomas-- smooth surface
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29. What is the #1 risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma?
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a. Barrett esophagus
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30. What is the #1 risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma?
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a. Smoking and alcohol consumption
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31. What are the symptoms of esophageal cancer?
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a. Dysphagia
b. Odynophagia c. Weight loss d. Bleeding, epigastric pain, hoarseness, persistent cough |
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32. How do you dx esophageal cancer?
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a. EGD
b. EUS-- staging c. CT abdomen/chest-- lung and liver METS d. PET scan-- MET assessment |
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33. How do you tx esophageal cancer?
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a. Endoscopic tx-- mucosal resection and submucosal dissection
b. Trimodality-- chemoradiation followed by surgery c. Stenting for palliative reaons |
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34. Where is the most common site of iatrogenic perforation of the esophagus?
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a. Cricopharyngeus by EGD
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35. What are some causes of esophageal perforation?
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a. Iatrogenic-- EGD
b. Surgical injury c. Emesis d. Trauma e. Tumor f. Foreign body |
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36. What tumor can cause esophageal perforation?
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a. Locally advanced esophageal cancer
b. Usually with fistula |
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37. Where does the esophagus usually perforate due to a foreign body? What causes it?
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a. Physiologic narrowing
b. Penetrating injuries by sharp or pointed objects c. Pressure necrosis by foreign body |
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38. How can a caustic injury cause esophageal perforation?
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a. Liquefaction necrosis of esophageal wall after ingestion of lye
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39. What is Boerhaave syndrome?
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a. Complete esophageal rupture
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40. What causes Boerhaave syndrome?
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a. Post-emetic
b. Sudden rise in intra-esophageal pressure c. Weight lifting d. Laughing e. Hyperemesis gravidarum f. Seizures |
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41. Where does the rupture in Boerhaave syndrome usually occur?
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a. Left side of distal 1/3 of esophagus
b. Mucosal tear longer than muscle tear |
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42. How does esophageal perforation present?
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a. Middle-aged man
b. Hx of dietary overindulgence and overconsumption of alcohol c. Chest pain d. Subcutaneous emphysema after recetn vomiting or retching |
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43. How do you dx esophageal perforation?
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a. Clinical awareness
b. Radiographic findings c. Esophagogrpahy with gastrografin d. CT of EGD |
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44. What are the guidelines of conservative therapy for esophageal perforation?
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a. Contained perforation by contast
b. Self-draining c. No systemic effects |
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45. What is the conservative tx for esophageal perforation?
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a. Admission to ICU
b. No PO c. Parenteral nutrition d. NG tube e. Broad-spectrum antibiotics f. Narcotics |
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46. What is the rx for surgery on an esophageal perforation?
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a. Sepsis
b. Post-emetic perforation c. Intra-abdominal perforation d. Lack of medical contraindications to surgery e. Leak outside mediastinum f. Malignancy, obstruction, or stricture in region of perforation |
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47. What are the surgical options for esophageal perforation?
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a. Tube thoracostomy
b. Primary repair c. Diversion d. Esophageal resection e. Stent f. Fibrin sealant |
