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233 Cards in this Set

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  • Back
Define Biodiversity (1)
What is the complete range of species, biological communitites and their ecosystem interactions and genetic variation within species?
Define Biodiversity (2)
What is a variety of species in ecological communities?
1.7 million species described ~___% of life
____ million species described ~13% of life
What are some methods of counting the number of species for biodiversity?
Using fog, catch, ID, sort and count as well as subsampling for estimation are methods for what?
What are diversity indices?
What are the Shannon-Wiener Index and the Simson's Diversity Index called?
What does the Shannon-Wiener Index and the Simson's Diversity index have in common?
What are two indexes that both produce a single number that takes into account species richness and evenness?
What are the five functional groups of plants?
What does this list represent?
-Cool Season grasses
-Warm season grasses
-Legumes
-Woody plants
-Forbs
What are legumes?
What are plants that fix nitrogen called?
What is the evolutionary speed hypothesis?
What hypothesis is "more time and more rapid evolution permits the evolution of new species"?
What is the geographical area hypothesis?
What hypothesis states that "larger area and physically of biologically complex habitats provide more niches?"
What are interspecific interactions?
What is the interaction where competition affects niche partitioning and predation retards competitive exclusion?
What is a type of species that has a disproportionately large effect on the community relative to its abundance?
What is a keystone species?
What is the competition and community structure theory?
What theory says the diversity of coexisting species is often proportional to the number of resources in a system that are at physiologically limiting levels?
What is it called when competing species are more likely to coexist when they use resources in different ways?
What is Niche and resource partitioning?
What is environmental heterogeneity?
What is spatial separation of competing species that helps explain the coexistence of species that, under constant, homogeneous environment conditions, would probably exclude one another?
What is the paradox of the plankton?
What paradox is resolved by considering niche partitioning along with heterogeneity in the environment?
What is the productivity hypothesis?
What hypothesis says that richness is limited by the partitioning of production or energy among species? (not a lot of evidence for this)
Productivity hypothesis vs Tilman:
the ___ hypothesis says that richness is limited by the partitioning of production or energy among species while ____ (a person) has found that biodiversity in plants is highest in low productivity, resource-poor habitats.
What is the intermediate distrubance hypothesis?
What hypothesis says that moderate disturbance retards competitve exclusion, that disturbance is now recognized as playing a major role in shaping communities
Greatest diversity in communities is generally produced by _____ ____ of disturbance.
Greatest ____ in communities is generally produced by intermediate levels of disturbance.
How do low levels and high levels of disturbance shape a community?
___ levels of disturbance allow superior competitors to predominate
___ levels of disturbance exclude many species that cannot tolerate the associated stresses.
What is the ambient energy hypothesis?
What is the hypothesis that states that fewer species can tolerate climatically unfavorable conditions?
What are two key factors in equatorial-polar gradient?
Evolutionary history and climate are two key factors of ____-____ gradient.
What is to be said about tropical habitats in reference to the equatorial-polar gradient?
___ habitats support many more species than temperate ones.
Why might tropical habitats support many more species than temperate ones? (besides climate)
Over evolutionary time species diversity may increase as speciation occurs therefore ____ habitats support many more species because they are older and there has been more time for speciation to occur.
What are marine hotspots?
What are global epicenters of biodiversity where the coral triangle would be an example?
What is the Coral Triangle?
What is am area with the highest diversity of coral and associated marine life?
What are threats to marine hotspots?
Unsustainable fishing, development, pollution, population growth, and climate change are all threats to ____ _____.
What is an endemic species?
What is a species restricted in occurrence to a stated site or area?
What is an umbrella species?
What is a species that serves as a guide to less well known species in region/community?
Why should we protect biodiversity?
We should protect ____ for financial reasons (timber, plant-based medical treatments, food), functional (ecosystem services), and moral reasons
What are some good examples of ecosystem services?
nutrient cycling, biochemicals, climate regulation, and recreation are all some examples of ____ services.
What are some supporting services of ecosystems?
Soil formation, nutrient cycling, and primary production are examples of ___ services of ecosystems.
What are some provisioning services of ecosystems?
Food, fresh water, fuelwood, fiber, biochemicals, and genetic resources are examples of ___ services of ecosystems.
What are some regulating services of ecosystems?
Climate regulation, disturbance regulation, regulation of hydrologic flows, water purification, air purification, disease regulation, erosion control, biological control and pollination are examples of ____ services.
What are some cultural services of ecosystems?
Spirituality, religious inspiration, aesthetic(s), inspiration, education, recreation, sense of place and cultural heritage are examples of ____ services.
What is the IUCN who is concentrated in conserving the integrity and diversity of nature and ensuring if any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable?
What is the International Union for Conservation of Nature?
What is "natural capital"?
What is Earth's lands waters and their biodiversity considered when thought of for human use?
How much of the earth do we protect? (terrestrial and ocean)
We protect ~11% of _____ and ~1% of _____
What are ways to protect biodiversity?
IUCN, National Parks and Reserves, and awareness through other organizations and iconic species are ways to _____ ______.
For a species to persist as a metapopulation, its ____ ____ ____ (m) must be greater that it's ____ ___ _____ ____ (e).
For a species to persist as a ______, it's patch colonization rate (_) must be greater than it's local patch mortality rate (_).
In a metapopulation being present in a number of patches spreads the ___ of ____, and the more patches the ___ chance of extinction.
In a metapopulation being present in a number of patches ____ the risk of extinction, and the more patches, the less chance of ___.
What does Grime's CSR plant strategies chart/triangle represent?
____ CSR plant strategies triangle represent life-history tradeoffs in plants between importance of competition, disturbance, and stress.
What is a community?
What is an assemblage of more than 2 populations of different species occuping the same area?
Based on what factors are communities organized?
Competition, predation and herbivory, mutualism, and parasitism are main factors that _____ a community.
Who came up with food chains and food webs?
Charles Elton (29 March 1900 - 1 may 1991) came up with what?
What are the diffferent trophic levels of a food chain?
Primary producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, and quaternary consumers are all the different ___ ____ of a food chain.
With the use of food webs, we can study the connection between _____, _____ and _____.
With the use of ____ ____, we can study the connection between biodiversity, complexity and stability.
What is a guild?
What is a group of species exploiting a common resource?
What are the five functional groups of plants?
Cool season grasses, warm season grasses, legumes, woody plants, and forbs are the five ____ _____ of plants.
Following a disturbance, when the ecosystem undergoes relatively little change in structure this is called what?
What is a resistant ecosystem?
Following a disturbance, if the ecosystem does change, it returns rapidly to something like its former self is called what?
What is a resilient ecosystem?
What is a keystone species?
What is a species with a disproportionatel large effect on its environment relative to its abundance?
What is the difference between keystone species and a dominant species?
A ___ species is disproportioinately large effect on its environment relative to its abundance while a ___ species is numerically abundant or in biomass.
Fishing down the food web is a type of ___ that can change the flow of energy.
Fishing down the ___ ___ is a type of disturbance that can change the flow of energy.
Community composition ("which species" may be a better prediction of stability than overall ____ ("__ ____").
_____ _____("__ ___") may be a better prediction of stability than overall richness ("# species").
What did John McLaughlin do?
Who put together several food webs in CA and in Palmyra Atoll?
What are three ways of subdividing communities?
You can _____ communities by taxonomic group, trophic level, or by guild.
What is an example of a taxonomic group?
If we study just the "plant community" at a site or the "bird community" this is called what?
What is an example of a trophic level?
What is it called if we examine the "primary producer community" or the "herbivore community"?
What is an example of a guild?
If we study all the fungi that rot dead wood in a forest, or all the birds that live in trees, what is this an example of?
What is the aim for restoration ecology?
The aim for _____ _____is to reduce the recovery time by manipulating ecological factors restricting the time sequence recovery.
What is a disturbance?
What is a relatively abrupt change in a physical limiting factor that causes mortality or reduces living biomass?
How are disturbances measured?
Spatial (distribution, size and shape), temporal (frequency or # events per time period), and magnitude (intensity or severity) are three ways that ____ are measured.
What are some examples of disturbances?
Fire, windstorms, ice effects like ice storms, frosts, drought, floods, waves or currents in aquatic systems, mass-wasting or landslides or avalanches, volcanic action, earthquakes, and karst phenomena or sink holes are all examples of what?
What happened in the 1970s in reference to disturbances?
In the ____'s, papers were published that suggested that disturbance could determine species composition and richness in communities, but prior ecologists thought disturbances got in the way of studying important things like competition.
Disturbance creates ______ or lack of ____.
______ creates heterogeneity or lacks uniformity.
What is an example that would support a non-equilibrium theory?
Coral reefs are an example that supports a __-____ theory because disturbance is greater than the rate of recovery.
What are two theories that explain fish diversity?
What does nich-diversification and variable recruitment both explain in the aquatic realm?
What is niche-diversification?
What assumes an equilibrium competitive system where each species evolved into specific niche?
What is variable recruitment?
What assumes non-equilibrium-larval recruitment is an unpredictable lottery and emphasizes the role of chance?
What are two types of disturbance control community assemblage in the rocky intertidal communities? (part of non-equilibrium theories)
Herbivores and exposure are two types of ____ ____ community assemblage.
What are some factors of an equilibrium or stable ecological community?
Biotic interactions, competition, resource limitation, optimality, density-dependence, few chance events, and tight patterns are all factors of _____ or _____ ecological community.
What are some factors of a non-equilibrium or unstable ecological community?
Few interactions, species independence, abiotic limitation, opportunism, density-independence, many chance events, and loose patterns are all factors of ___ or ____ ecological community.
What is the Menge-Sutherland Model of 1987?
What is the model where 3 factors drive community organization: physical factors, competition, and predation; relative importance changes with trophic level, and env. stress is measured b disturbance level?
What is the geographical area hypothesis?
What is the hypothesis that states that a larger area and physicall or biologically complex habitats provide more niches?
What is the species-area curve?
What is a curve that represents that with everything else being equal, the larger the area a community occupies the greater the number of species? - they differ among taxa, but basic pattern applies across all groups.
In conservation biology, what does knowledge of species area curves for key taxa in communities allow?
In conservation biology, knowledge of ___ __ curves for key taxa in communities allows ecologists to predict how loss of habitat may alter a community's biodiversity.
How do rates of immigration to islands change over time?
Rates of ____ to islands change over time from high initially, then to slower rates as niches become less available.
When do immigration rates reach zero on islands?
Immigration rates reach ___ when all potential colonizers are present on the island.
Absolute rates of immigration will depend on the ____ and ___ of the island.
Absolute rates of ____ will depend on the remoteness and size of the island.
As the number of species increases, thinrate of ____ increases.
As the number of ___ increases, the rate of extinction increases.
What does the net effect mean in comparison to islands and species?
___ ____ is when a balance between rates of extinction and colonization exist on islands.
___ islands support more species than ___ islands. (not close and distant)
large islands support ___ species than small islands.
___ islands support more species than ____ islands.
(not large and small)
Close islands support ____ species than distant islands.
What are the two main points of the Thoery of Island Biogeography?
These two points and part of what theory?
1. opposing forces of extinction and colonization determine the abundance and distribution of species on islands.
2. Island size and level of isolation determine rates of extinction and colonization.
In dynamic equilibrium what happens to immigration, extinction, equilibrium, and turnover?
In ___ ___, immigration slows as richness increases, extinction increases with richness, the rate of extinction and rate of colonization intersect, and there is a constant turnover.
When does the MacArthur and Wilson Island Equilibrium Model apply and what research did it stimulate?
The ____ and ____ Island Equilibrium Model applies when colonization is a major factor affecting species composition and stimulated research into the effects of habitat size on species diversity.
What are the 3 main reasons why we should protect biodiversity?
We should protect _____ for financial, functional, and moral reasons.
A central idea in ecology is that species diversity can control certain ____ in a ____, such as primary productivity, soil fertility, resistance to disturbance, and speed of recovery (resilience)
A central idea in ecology is that species diversity can control certain functions in a community such as ___ ____, ____ ____, ____ to _____, and speed of _____ (resilience).
Ecological communities are linked with the abiotic environment by ____ of energy and matter.
____ ____ are linked with the abiotic environment by fluxes of energy and metter.
NPP is/is not evenly distributed across the planet
__ ____ ____ is not evenly distributed across the planet
What is NPP?
___ _____ _____ is the rate of production of biomass by plants (for heterotrophs to consume).
Tropical rain forests and savannas account for ~__% world's NPP.
___ ___ ___ and ____ account for ~60% of world's NPP.
Oceans are a marine desert because they cover 2/3 of the planet but produce <__ of the world's NPP.
Oceans are a marine desert because they cover __ of the planet but produce <1/2 of the world's NPP.
Much more of a community's energy passes through the ____ system, than the live consumer system.
Much more of a community's ___ passes through the decomposer system, than the live consumer system.
How are carbon and nutrients stored in the ecosystem?
___ and ____ are stored in different organic and inorganic compartments.
___ and ___ are transported vast distances (space and time) through biogeochemical cycles, both compoex and quite simple.
Carbon and nutrients are transported vast distances (space and time) through _______ cycles, both complex and quite simple cycles.
Who are the "players" of the ecosystem?
The "___" of the ecosystem are primary producers, decomposers or detritivores, dead organic matter, herbivores, carnivores, parasites, and physiochemical environment.
What are the six main measurments of productivity?
Standing crop, biomass, primary productivity, gross primary production, and secondary productivity are the six main _____ of ____.
What is a standing crop?
What are bodies of all living organisms within a unit area?
What does biomass mean?
What is the mass (weight) or organisms per unit area of ground (or water)?
What does primary productivity mean?
What is the biomas produced by plants or biomass produced per unit area plant present?
What is gross primary productivity?
What is the total fixation of energy by photosynthesis?
What is net primary productivity?
What is the difference between GPP and R, that is, NPP=GPP-R or ~growth?
What is secondary productivity?
What is the rate of prodution of biomass by heterotrophs?
What are heterotrophs?
What are organisms that cannot fix carbon and so use organic carbon (ex. plants, other animals) for growth?
What controls NPP?
Terrestrial factors such as latiitiude (so, solar radiation & temp.), and ocean factors (nutrients) controll __ ____ ____.
Plants are not very efficient at using solar radiation; less than ___% of incoming solar radiation occurs at wavelengths suitable for photosynthesis.
Plants are not very ___ at using solar radiation. Less than 50% of incoming solar radiation occurs at _____ suitable for photosynthesis.
Primary productivity varies ____ in relation to solar radiation and temperature.
Primary productivity varies seasonally in relation to ___ ____ and ____.
Even with high solar radiation, primary production still depends on ____ and ____.
Even with high solar radiation, ___ ____ still depends on resources (water) and temperature.
What controls primary productivity even if incoming solar radiation is sufficient, there is plent of water, and is warm?
____ ____ is controlled by resources and conditions most limiting like phosphorous, nitrogen and iron, even if incoming solar radiation is sufficient, there is plenty of water, and is warm.
Why would we do something called "Iron Fertilization"?
We are considering "__ ____" to absorb the CO2 from the atmosphere by placing iron in the ocean is select areas so phytoplankton blooms form and absorb the CO2 from the atmosphere.
What are possible limiting factors of primary productivity?
In winter, the low temp. and incoming solar radiation are limiting factors for ___ ____; in spring things are warm and daya get longer, but in summer, precipitation decreases so the limiting factor would be nutrient supply rates (decreased).
What happens in secondary productivity?
When heterotrophs derive their energy and biomass from directly consuming autotrophs or other heterotrophs, this is called ____ _____.
Explain the decomposer system
In this system, organisms secrete enzymes to digest organic matter and then absorb the resulting molecules and some examples are bacteria and fungi.
What are detritivores?
What are organisms that eat organic matter, such as earthworms?
Why is most primary productivity not passed on to herbivores?
most ___ ___ is not passed on to herbivores because plenty die without being eaten and is consumed by decomposers; not all that is eaten can be converted into herbivore energy, and not all converted to energy can be turned into biomass.
Explain the decomposer system
In this system, organisms secrete enzymes to digest organic matter and then absorb the resulting molecules and some examples are bacteria and fungi.
What are detritivores?
What are organisms that eat organic matter, such as earthworms?
Why is most primary productivity not passed on to herbivores?
most ___ ___ is not passed on to herbivores because plenty die without being eaten and is consumed by decomposers; not all that is eaten can be converted into herbivore energy, and not all converted to energy can be turned into biomass.
What is consumption efficiency?
___ ____ is the % of productivity that is consumed
What is assimilation efficiency?
___ ____ is the % of food energy in the consumer's stomach that becomes available for growth or respiration
What is production efficiency?
___ ___ is the % of assimilated energy that is incorporated into new biomass.
Which system is responsible for the majority of secondary production and respiratory head loss?
The decomposer system is responsible for the majority of ___ ____ and respiratory heat loss.
Which communities have the highest efficiency at consuming live NPP?
Open-water aquatic communities have ___ efficienc at consuming live NPP
What are the different organisms in the decomposer system and detrivores?
____- bacteria and fungi: microbiota
____- mites and earthworms: macrofauna
Detritivores are generally classified by ____ because it influences what they can decompose as well as their ability to access detritus.
____ are generally classified by size becuase it influences what they can decompose as well as their ability to access detritus.
How are microbivores different than detritivores?
_____ are different than detritivores becuase they specialize at feeding on bacteria and fungi; an example would be nematodes.
What are the steps of the flux of matter? (4 things)
What are these 4 steps?
Carbon and nutrients are available to plants as simple molecules or ions in the atmosphere or as dissolved ions in water.
1. incorporated into complex organic molecules within biomass
2. metabolized into CO2
3. mineral nutrients released in some simple inorganic form
4. all this matter is again available to be incorporated into biomass
The bulk of living matter is water, but the rest is mostly ____.
The bulk of living matter is ___, but the rest is mostly carbon.
When carbon-based energy is converted to energy and CO2, ____ is lost to the atmosphere.
When carbon-based energy is converted to energy and CO2, energy is ___ to the atmosphere.
Matter can be reused via "____ ___" such as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, sulfer, and trace elements like iron.
Matter can be reused via "Biogeochemical cycles" such as ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___ like iron.
Where is matter stored?
___ is stored in different compartments: inorganic compartments such as atmosphere, lithosphere, and the hydrosphere, and organic compartments such as in organisms, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous.
What are some examples of matter stored in the three inorganic compartments?
These are examples of where matter is stored in ___ ______:
Atmosphere- carbon dioxide and gaseous nitrogen
Lithosphere (rocks)- calcium carbonate, petroleum, coal, and phosphate rock
Hydrosphere- dissolved nitrate, phosphate, and carbonic acid
What are some examples of matter stored in the four organic compartments?
These are examples of where matter is stored in ___ _____:
Organisms- living, dead, and decaying
Carbon- cellulose
Nitrogen- protein
Phosphorous- ATP
What are the three biogeochemical cycles?
Bio: biology, life, living things
Geo: earth, rocks, land
Chemical: molecules, reactions, atoms
These are the 3 ___ ___.
What is the global carbon cycle driven by?
The global ___ ___ is driven by photosynthesis and respiration.
Where are the global phosphorus reservoirs? (5)
The global ___ reservoirs are stored in water, soil, rivers, lakes, oceans, and rock
The global phosphorus cycle is ____ fast; and ____ and ____ slow.
The global ___ ___ is ecologically fast; and geologicall and oceanographically slow.
Where does the global nitrogen cycle appear?
The global ___ ___ appears mostly gaseous in the atmospheric phase and not much in lithosphere.
Nitrogen is a constituent element of ___ ___ and proteins, yet most organisms cannot direcly use __.
Nitrogen is a constituent element of amino acids and ___, yet most organisms cannot diercly use N2.
___ and other plants "fix" atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into usable ammonia (NH3) and has an ecologically short-time frame
Legumes and other plants "fix" atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into usable ___ (__) and has an ecologically ___ time-frame.
How does nutrient cycling work in aquatic ecosystems?
In ___ ____, nutrients are transported in by strem inflow and are transported out by outflows if available or sediments.
How does the endorheic lake "closed" system's nutrient cycling work?
In the ___ ___ "closed" system, sodium and other nutrients are concentrated from the loss of water primarily through evaporation and seepage; they are generally very productive (eutrophic)
What are some threats to biodiversity?
Threats to _____:
-Habitat destruction is almost always involved
-almost every case has multiple cases
-introduced species, overexploitation, and pollution
With biotic relaxation or habitat loss, after size reduction, extinction rates ___, and immigration rates ___ followed by many years where the area slowly loses more ___ than gained. A new ___ may be reached if no further change.
With ___ ____ or habitat loss, after size reduction, extinction rates increase and immigration rates decrease followed by many years where the area slowly ___ more species than ____. A new equilibrium may be reached if no further ___.
What is habitat fragmentation?
____ ____ is when large tracts of habitat are converted to spatially isolated habitat fragments by human activities, resulting in a metapopulation structure.
For habitat fragmentation, roads can be significant barriers to the movement of small ____ and ____.
For habitat fragmentation, ___ can be significant barriers to the movement of small vertebrates and invertebrates.
Caribou in Canada lived in a forest where only __% is disturbed by oil and gas exploration, but caribou used __-__% less of the area after human disturbance.
Caribou in Canada lived in a forest where only 1% is disturbed by __ and __ exploration, but caribou used 22-48% less of the area after human disturbance.
The SLOSS debate?
The ____ debate is where Jared Diamond believed a single large reserve was better and Dan Simberloff believed several small reserves was better assuming unnested species composition. The answer is that it depends!
For mammal protection, reserve ___ is important.
For ____ protection, reserve size is important.
What are the edge effects of habitats where fragmentation occurs? (interior habitat and species and edge habitat and species)
The edge effects habitats where ___ occurs, interior habitat and species decrease while the edge habitat and species increase.
What are some major problems that occur with edge effects and creating smaller habitats?
Major problems that occur with edge effects and creating smaller ____:
-increased wind disturbance, elevated tree mortality, and invasion of disturbance-adapted butterflies.
What is the key to success of "several small" reserves?
The key to ___ of "several small" reserves is 'open' populations or connected populations.
What is an example of a landscape corridor?
An example of a ___ ___ is a wildlife overpass which is used over freeways in some countries.
What are some pros of corridors? (4 listed)
Some pros of ____ are:
-facilitate movement and gene flow
-increase potential for recolonization of patches
-provide habitat
-recreational and aesthetic value
What are some cons of corridors? (4 listed)
Some cons of ____:
-Do not always affect movement (diff. wind, moisture, microclimate, exposure)
-exposure to danger (humans, predators)
-facilitate spread of disease, exotics, weeds and disturbance (fire)
-expensive
What are exampes of wildlife crossing structures?
examples of wildlife ___ ___:
-wildlife overpass
-wildlife underpass
-The Davis Toadway
-pedestrian crossing
-planned wildlife crossing
What are the two types of populations we harvest?
Farmed populations, such as agriculture, silviculture, and aquaculture, and wild populations such as hunting, logging, and fishing are two kinds of populations we ____.
What is a fishery?
A ____ is a fish pop. that is being harvested and the fishermen doing the harvesting
Oceans are valuable to us as a source of ___ and ____.
___ are valuable to us as a source of food and income.
What percent of protein in our diet comes from the ocean?
20% of protein in our diet comes form the ____.
Oceans are a main source for more than __ _____ people.
___ are a main source for more than 1 billion people.
More than __ million people fish for income and more than __% are in small scale fisheries.
More than 50 million people fish for income and more than 98% in __ scale fisheries.
What did Thomas Huxley think about the fish population? What is the major reason for his belief?
___ ___ thought the fish population (back in 1883) was inexhaustible and that nothing we can do seriously affects the number of fish. At his time there were only small human powered boats, but soon were replaced by huge mechanized ships.
How much to fish?
How much to __ depends on pop. growth rate.
A small and large fish population grow ___ while a medium sized fish population grows ____.
A ___ and ___ sized fish population grows slowly, while a ___ sized fish population grows fast.
What is maximum sustainable yield (MSY)?
___ ___ ___ come at some intermediate population where we don't fish too much or too little.
Which one fishes more insensely MSY or MEY?
___ fishes harder than ___.
How much fishing do you get without regulation?
Without ____, the pop. will decline until everyone is just breaking even.
What does the tragedy of the commons say about fishing?
___ of the ___ says that unregulated fishing is bad for fish and for the fishermen.
What are three basic ideas behind fisheries management?
3 basic ideas behind ___ management:
- highest yield come at intermediate pop.
-highest profits come at higher pop.
-but without regulation, pop. and profits get low
From 1965 to 2007, there has been more than a __% decrease is fish size.
From 1965 to 2007, there has been more than a 50% ____ in fish size.
What is a solution to the "race" for fishing in MEY?
A solution to "racing" in ___ ____ ____ is catch shares.
What is the difference between the traditional fishing management and catch shares?
Traditional management of fisheries is where the manager sets total allowed catch and the fishermen fish as fast as they can until the total catch is reached. In ____ ____ though, the manager sets total allowed catch but each fisherman owns a fixed share of the total catch so they can catch fish at their own pace.
What are 4 benefits for fishermen when they are not "racing"?
4 benefits for fishermen when they are not ____ are:
-catch what they want
-catch with fewer boats
-catch over a longer season
-stay home in bad weather
What is the major problem with establishing catch shares?
The major problem with establishing ___ ___ is:
- a formerly public resource is now private meaning some questions need to be solved such as "How should the shares be allocated? Who is excluded and are they compensated? How does this industry change?"
What is a good way to ensure that enough fish are left after fishing?
Marine protected areas is a safer form of management and it is easier to be sure that...?
How effective are reserves?
(example where 124 protected areas were looked at in 29 countries)
124 ___ ___ in the ocean were looked at in 29 countries and found that there was 2.5 times more fish, 5.5 times more biomass, and the protected areas are good for fisheries too.
Bigger fish have disproportionately more ____.
____ fish have disproportionately more young.
What are some examples of CA marine protected areas? (fish)
In CA, sheephead, kelp bass, and kelp rockfish are three different species that benefit from the use of ___ ____ ___.
What are some ways to fragment a habitat?
Destroying part of a habitat and bisecting the habitat with roads in parks, canals, power lines, fences, fire lines, and dams in rivers are ways to ___ a habitat.
What are some reasons why the Koalas of Australia are under threat, recently added to Australia's list of endangered species as "vulnerable"?
Koalas' from Australia were hunted to near extinction for fur, habitat loss, urban expansion, vehicle strikes, dog attacks and disease, are among the many reasons why the Australian gov't added them to their list of ____ ____ as "____".
What are different categorizations of species?
_____ of species:
-native (an organism that is living in its home environment)
or
-Exotic/foreign/alien
-non-native
-introduced
(all of these originally from a different location)
If a species is naturalized, what does this mean?
What is a non-native species that has become a part of its new environment?
What is an invasive species?
What is a non-native species that has spread to become a dominant member of its new environment?
What is a noxious (weedy) species?
What is an invasive species of plant that causes environmental or economic problems?
What is a pest species?
What is a species that interferes with human activities tha may be native or non-native?
"On a global basis...the two great destroyers of biodiversity are, first habitat destruction and, second, invasion by exotic species" - who said this?
What is a famouse E.O Wilson quote?
How do invasive species arrive?
___ ___ arive accidentally such as by seeds parasited and unintended cargo, as well as deliberately through food, timber, or biocontrol.
__% of introduced species will naturalize, __% of naturalized species will become pests, and __% of pests will become major problems.
10% of ____ species will naturalize, 10% of naturalized species will become ____, 10% of ___ will become major problems.
What makes an invader or pest species successful? (5 things)
These make an ___ or ___ species succussful:
-r-strategists (good dispersion)
-adaptable to new conditions
-generalists (broad diet)
-sometimes have broad geographic range in their native environment
-escape from biotic constraints ("enemy release hypothesis")
What is the "enemy release hypothesis"?
What is the hypothesis that states exotic species have left behind natural enemies or parasites that once somewhat regulated the pop. in its native range?
What makes a community Invasible?
A community is ____ when it is vulnerable such as vacant niches, low species richness, natives are poor competitors, disturbed habitat by fire, flood, agriculture, or livestock, early succession, and if the climate is similar to the native habitat.
What are some examples of plant pests throughout history? (3)
plant ___ examples throughout history:
--potato blight- caused by a fungus where 1 million people starved and 2 million emigrated
--desert locust- strip a field of crops in 1 hour
--mountain pine beetle- warming temp. means winter survival
Why is ice plant so invasive in Australia, CA, and the mediterranean.
___ ___ is so invasive becuase it competes with several threatened or endangered plant species for nutrients, water, light, and space.
Where are zebra mussels native? and why are they a problem?
___ ___ are native to the Black and Caspian seas.
Where are zebra mussels found today?
___ ___ were introduced to N. America from the bilge of a ship and found in pipes, piers, and rocky habitats.
Why are zebra mussels a major problem?
___ ___ are a major problem because ~1 yr., females can produce 10^6 eggs and are very good at what they do: filtering water and eliminating native species.
What could have prevented the zebra mussel invasion into the Great Lakes and beyond?
___ ___ could have been prevented from their invasion into the Great Lakes and beyond through ballast water exchange.
How can the spread of zebra mussels be stopped? (3 things)
___ ___ can be stopped from futher spread through physical removal, chemical removal, or biological control "biocontol" b/c no natural predators.
What are the drawbacks to physical removal of zebra mussels?
Zebra mussels can be stopped through __ __ but the drawbacks are that it is costly and low, and does not stop colonization.
What are the drawbacks to chemical removal of zebra mussels?
Zebra mussels can be stopped through ___ ___ but this is costly, could gain genetic resistance, and will harm native species.
What are the drawbacks to biological control "biocontrol" of zebra mussels?
Zebra mussels can be stopped with ___ ___ with parasited or bacteria, crayfish, waterfowl, fish, but could create a bigger problem and has no guarantee that it would work.
What are two examples of prevention of vectors of pests/invasions?
-quarantine and -ballast water exchange are two examples of ___ of vectors of pests/invasions.
What is the most important aspect of biological control for pests/invasions?
The most important aspect of ___ control for pest/invasions is target specificity.
What are 4 things that need to be understood before biological control is further used for pests/invasions?
To use ___ control, we need:
-a better understanding of epidemiology of invasions (mapping time-series of invasion spread)
-better experimentation
-better economic estimates of the costs of invasions
-greater public and gov. awareness of effects of invasives and tools to stem their spread and limit their impacts
Why do populations go extinct even if they are protected?
Small populations go extinct even if they are ____ because of population dynamics and regulation such as demographic stochasticity and the allee effect, and genetics such as genetic drift or inbreeding.
What is demographic stochasticity? (internet and slides)
___ ____ refers to the variability in pop. growth rate arising from random differences among individuals in survival and reproduction within a season (internet).
Slides- chance events in pop. dynamics
What is the allee effect?
The inverse of density dependence- the effects of under-crowding
Why do pop. fluctuate?
pop. ___ from natural catastrophes, environmental stochasticity (unpredictable changes in the environment), demographic stochasticity (change events in pop. dynamics)
What is an example of demographic stochasticity for population fluctuation?
Populations fluctuate sometimes because of ___ ____ such as skewed sex ratios or finding mates that influence breeding success and therefore survival. This is especially important in small pop.
What is genetic drift?
What is the random fluctuation of gene frequencies over time due to chance alone?
What do genetic bottlenecks occur?
___ ___ occur when pop. are reduced in size. Alleles with low frequencies are more likely to be lost and they are worse the longer the bottle neck lasts.
What is effective population size or effective number (Ne)?
____ population size or ___ number (Ne) is the # of breeding individuals in a pop. that shows genetic value of the same amount as the pop. of focus.
What does a smaller effective pop. size or effective number mean (Ne)?
A smaller ___ pop size means genetic diversity decreases, fewer immigrants, and are more vulnerable to chance events.
What is inbreeding?
What is it called when the parents of an individual share one or more common ancestors?
What are threats to the CA condor (largest N American land bird) who is critically endangered? (6 things)
Threats to the CA condor include:
-low clutch size
-DDT
-Lead poisoning
-Habitat destruction
-Powerlines, wind turbines
-Golden Eagle competition and predation on young
What are the 3 acts, or 4 events that lead up to Nixon signing the Endangered Species Act?
The origin of the ____ ___ __:
-1900- Lacey act
-1966- Endangered species preservation act
-1969- Endangered species conservation act (foreign species and prohibits imports)
-1970- pentagon protest sperm whale listing
What are some major provisions of the Endangered Species Act (ESA)?
major ___ to the ESA:
-section 7: federal gov. actions may not cause jeopardy to a listed species
-section 9: unlawful to take a listed species, take meaning kill, harm, harass, wound, shoot, hunt, collect and alter the habitat of a species.
What is perhaps the most important part of section 9 of the ESA?
The most important part of sec. _ of the __ __ __ is where we can not alter the habitat of a species on the list. (Very important now with polar bears added to the list and fight for oil)
What is the designation of critical habitat and recovery plan of the ESA?
Part of ESA:
The Designation of ___ ___ states that all areas are essential to the conservation of the species.
The ___ ___ assesses the goals, tasks, costs and timeline to ___ a species.
What are some great examples of how a species can now save its habitat? (5 things)
How specieds can save ___:
-The northern spotted owl in old growth forest
-CA gnatcatcher in coastal sage scrub
-least Bell's vireo in riparian wetlands
-Louisiana black bear in hardwood forests
-delta smelt in the Sacramento river delta
What is an endangered species?
What is any species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range?
What is a threatened species?
What is any species which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range?
What are the three parts to the listing process of an endangered species?
The listing process of an __ ___:
1. Gov't secretary initiation or through a petition
2. collection of info. and public input
3. candidate species ranked for listing. species may be rejected or may become candidates for listing
What are some problems with ESA? (7 things)
Problems with __ __ __:
-financial disincentives
-delays encourage abuse
-taxonomic omissions
-species are listed too late
-little distinction between endangered and threatened
-too many pop. listed
-it doesn't work
"After 30 years the law has recovered 12 of ___ listed species, for a cumulative sucess rate of __% (or a 99.99% rate of failure).
"after 30 years, the law has recovered __ of 1300 listed species, for a cumulative success rate of .01%"
What did the Scientific Societies Statement on the Endangered Species Act suggest? (Scientific consensus)
The Scientific Societies' Statement on the Endangered Species act suggested (___ ___) that:
-more prompt listing
-more funding for basic science
-updated recovery plans
-more funding for FWS (Fish and Wildlife Service) and NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service)
-Protect unoccupied habitat
What are some proposed amendments to he ESA? (2 main and 5 subtopic)
Proposed ___ to the ESA:
-consideration of economic factors in the listing process
-consideration of rights of property owners
-good science
-cost effective recovery plans
-citizen participation
For the proposed amendments to the ESA for consideration of right of property owners, what are some examples? (5 things)
Proposed amendment- considerations of rights of ___ ___ to ESA:
-compensation for lost use
-reserve grants to encourage conservation
-tax incentives
-no private propeperty as critical habitat without owners consent
-remove prohibitions on critical habitat modifications
What are examples of the "good science" amendment to ESA?
Examples of the "__ __" amendment to ESA:
-establish minimum documentatin standards for listing petitions
-allow any person to petition for peer review of a proposed listing