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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What was the dogs psychic study and what are5 ways it could be improved?
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-Control Pam's Return
-Crew shouldn't know Pam's return -Measure if Jaytle goes to window otherwise -Pam not permitted to travel in her car -Define what constitutes psychic ability |
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What is a way of knowing that is bounded by rationality
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intuition
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What could be a valid form of knowing that is often accepted blindly
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authority
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what is empirical research?
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Systematic (hopefully without bias) observation
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What is an empirical paper vs. review paper?
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Empirical is about a study, review is summarizing multiple emprical
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What is a belief vs. theory?
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Belief won't be changed even with counter-evidence, theory is based on empirical evidence
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Hypothesis is...
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Testable (falsifiable)
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What is a broad concept that is quantified/measured and example
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construct - dogs psychic ability
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What is an aspect of the construct and example
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Variable - dogs sense to know when owner is home
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What is an operational definition
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The procedure used to measure or manipulate a construct. eg. dog's tendency to go to window within 10 minutes of owner heads home.
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Independent Variable
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Pam Leaving Store
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Dependent Variable
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Dog goes to window
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What is a true experiment?
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Independent variable is manipulated and all else is controlled
Only way for casual relationship |
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What is the only way for a casual relationship?
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True Experiment
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What is good validity?
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Variables tap into the construct we are itnerested in
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What is good reliability?
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Measures yield constant results
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What is a good theory?
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Mix of multiple hypothesis that explain a phenomenon.
1. Explains data 2. Predicts new Data 3. Is testable 4. Is specific 5. Is surprising |
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What are 3 kinds of validity?
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Internal
External Construct |
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What is internal validity?
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Extent to which the extraneous variables are controlled
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What is an extraneous variable?
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Variables other than that of interest
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What is external validity
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The extent to which the findings can be generalized to population
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What is construct validity
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The extent to which IV and DV reflect theoretical construct
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What helpps internal validity
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Random Assignment
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What is selection bias?
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Selecting experimental and comparison groups without controlling for preexisting differences between groups.
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What is the term for when subjects cannot be randomly assigned?
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Quasi-experimental research
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What is confirmation bias
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When you overweigh results that support the hypothesis
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What is experimenter expectancy
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When experimenter influences the subjects without meaning to.
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What is intentional bias?
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ON purpose to get published
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What is social desirability bias?
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methodological bias - When the subject feels pressure to respond in a socially desirable way
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What is demand characteristics?
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methodological bias - Subtle aspects of study lead subjects to guess hypothesis.
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what is carry-over bias?
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Methodological bias -
When the order in which you do things changes the outcome of the experiment fatigue effect - worst later practice effect - better later fix with counterbalance. |
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What are floor and ceiling effects?
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When the task is too easy or too hard.
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What is the operational definition?
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The way a variable will be measured
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What is the difference between validity and reliability?
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Validity - Accuracy - mean of multiptle experiments is the same
Reliability - Precision - when repeated the SD is small. VALIDITY MUST HAVE RELIABILITY |
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What is systematic error?
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When the error is caused by something else - like construction during an exam
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What is random error?
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Just variability in experinment results.
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What is test-retest reliability?
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The correlation between scores of the same measure on two seperate occasions
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Inter-rater reliability ?
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Correlation between scores on teh same measure administrered by two different raters
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What is reliability within a scale?
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Internal consistency
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What is face validity?
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At face value, does i t look like it measures what it is supposed to?
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What is convergent validity?
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How much 2 measures are coorelated in the same construct
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What is divergent valiidity? (discriminant)
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The lack of correlation between measure of different constructs.
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What is concurrent validity?
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Whether or not you can tell between multiple groups with different places in construct
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Predecitive validity
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Ability to idnetify future
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What is a confounding variable?
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An extraneous variable that systematically changes with changes in the IV
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what is the name for where a person goes through all of the IVs?
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Within-Subject experimental design
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What is the name for where many people go through one level of the IV
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between-subject experimental deisgn
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What was the name of the form of communication that was created in prisoners of silence?
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Facilitated Communication - People helped them move thoughts on special keyboard
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What is an ordinal variable?
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A kind of continuous variable where the distance between each is not nec. the same, ie class rank
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What is a cardinal variable?
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A kind of continous variable
interval - not meaningful zero - temperature ratio - meaningful zero - weight |
