Ergonomics: Test 2 Review

Front 1

Workplace design requires the accommodation of employees of different builds and sizes so that everyone is comfortable and can work in the appropriate postures necessary to avoid injury while assessing tools for task performance T of F?

Back 1

True

Front 2

In some cases, tools generate vibration levels so high they can damage blood vessels and nerves in the operator's (worker's) hands T or F?

Back 2

True

Front 3

Risk factors in confined spaces are often the result of task design constraints and in some cases result from a lack of appropriate ergnomic and safety practices T or F?

Back 3

True

Front 4

The primary complaint of sedentary workers is circulation problems in the legs T or F?

Back 4

False, back pain is the primary complaint a sedentary workers.

Front 5

For the sitting operator, the preferred working area is right in front of the body at about elbow height, with the upper arms hanging T or F?

Back 5

True

Front 6

The objective of ergonomics in the workplace design is to consider all elements of the physical task, information processing requirements, process, equipment, seating, and tools in order to create an integrated environment that is designed to meet the needs of the worker T or F?

Back 6

True

Front 7

At what stage of a process/task can the "best fit" be achieved for the purpose of ergonomics & safety?

Back 7

The design stage

Front 8

Name 3 ways to reduce muscle fatigue, minimize awkward postures, and improved visual acuity in a workstation?

Back 8

-Adjusting work tools

-Adjusting work station

-Efficient use of components & storage bins

Front 9

When designing for the standing operator, explain why working height is critically important?

Back 9

-If working height is too high, the shoulder must be

lifted- causing discomfort and painful cramps in

neck and shoulder.

-If working height is too low, the back is constantly

bent leading to discomfort, pain or injury.

Front 10

Give three examples of solutions for standing work?

Back 10

1) proper working table height

2) elastic floor mats

3) soft soles

Front 11

What are the basic requirements of ergonomic seating (chairs)?

Back 11

-Lumbar support
-Chair with waterfall edge
-Arm rest
-Slightly tilted seat pan
-Adjustibility

Front 12

When designing a workstation for a sitting operator what SPECIFIC considerations are necessary?

Back 12

-Leg free space
-Feet movement in all directions
-Adjustible chair that meets ergonomic standards

Front 13

What are the advantages of a sitting posture while performing a task as opposed to a standing posture?

Back 13

-Lower disc pressure
-Low level activity - easy reach
-Does not require large forces
-Chair selection
-Back rest support
-Supports overall body weight

Front 14

WMSD's are mostly chronic, resulting from repeated exposure to loads at work over a period of time T or F?

Back 14

True

Front 15

Bones are not generally considered to be at risk for CTD's, however, repetitive tasks can be detrimental on the vertebrae of the spinal column T or F ?

Back 15

True

Front 16

Cold environments compromise muscle efficiency and may cause vascular and neurological damage T or F ?

Back 16

True

Front 17

According to a recent U.S. Government report, men are three times more likely to have CTS than women T or F?

Back 17

False, women are 3x likely than men

Front 18

Early symptoms of CTS include intermittent numbness or tingling and burning sensation in the toes T or F ?

Back 18

False, hands not toes

Front 19

50% of all industrial back injuries are associated with some form of lifting or manual material handling T or F ?

Back 19

False, 27%

Front 20

Most CTD's are preventable, if organizations take the time to engineer risk factors out, implement administrative controls, and train employees in proper lifting and posturing techniques T or F ?

Back 20

True

Front 21

What are the most common CTD's that occur in work environments after the Civil War?

Back 21

-Anthrax
-Heavy metal poisoning
-Conditions from mining
-beat knee
-beat elbow
-beat hand
-inflammation of joints
-telegraphist's, writers & twisters cramps

Front 22

When Stage 1 (WMSD) symptoms have been identified what action/s should be taken to reduce risks? Stages 2 & 3?

Back 22

Stage 1: make changes like taking breaks and task
rotation.
Stage 2 & 3: Abandon the task that is creating the
pain

Front 23

Name the task related risk factors for lower back pain?

Back 23

-Heavy physical work

-Lifting/forceful movement

-Awkward posture

-Whole body vibration

-Static work posture

Front 24

Give three methods for passive surveillance?

Back 24

1) Health (WMSD's)
2) Insurance records
3) Workers compensation records

Front 25

Give three examples of Active surveillance?

Back 25

1) Checklists
2) Questionares
3) Interviews

Front 26

WMSD's

Back 26

Work-Related Muskuloskeletal Disorders

Front 27

A decrease in diameter of the blood vessels, causing a decrease in blood supply to the fingers. There are 3 stages:
Stage 1: fingers becomes white due to lack of blood
Stage 2: fingers turn blue due to oxygen consumption
Stage 3: fingers turn red as blood flow returns

Back 27

Raynaud's phenomenon (white finger)

Front 28

Results from compression on the median nerve?

Back 28

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS)

Front 29

Inflammation of tendon sheath around a joint (wrist, elbow, shoulder) ?

Back 29

Tendonitis

Front 30

Repetition-induced tendon injury that involves the synovial sheath?

Back 30

Tenosynovitis

Front 31

Used to evaluate information that already exists in an organization where it has usually been obtained for other purposes (ex. injury statistics and quality control data) ?

Back 31

Passive surveillance

Front 32

The collection of data specifically given for the given purposes (ex.ergonomic evaluation of a workplace)

Back 32

Active surveillance

Front 33

A wrist flexing test to diagnose CTS ?

Back 33

Phelan's Test

Front 34

A tingling sensation radiating out into the hand, which is obtained by light percussion over the median nerve at the wrist?

Back 34

Tenil's sign

Front 35

RMI ?

Back 35

Repetitive motion injuries to soft tissue

Front 36

WHO ?

Back 36

World Health Organization

Front 37

Measuring the number of defects, number of mistakes, and number of times instructions must be referred?

Back 37

Quality output

Front 38

Hand grip on the tool, also known as_______ _______, is important in defining the amount of force transferred, as well as the _______ of transfer?

Back 38

tool coupling and precision

Front 39

Name four disorders that have been reported due to non-powered and powered hand tools?

Back 39

-White finger

-Hearing impairments

-Chronic MSD's

-HAVS

Front 40

Measures such as heart rate, blood rate, blood pressuere.

Back 40

Physiological measures

Front 41

Perceived exertion, difficulty, energy expended and level of fatigue.

Back 41

Psychophysical measures

Front 42

National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health

Back 42

NIOSH

Front 43

Occlusion of blood flow in the legs?

Back 43

Ischemia

Front 44

A law used to develop hand movement time?

Back 44

Fitt's Law

Front 45

HAVS ?

Back 45

Hand Arm Vibration Syndrome - caused by regular use of vibrating tools.

Front 46

"work envelope" , represents the space where task activities, equipment, and tools should be placed for an individual to perform the task without excessive reach, awkward posture, or discomfort.

Back 46

Primary work space

Front 47

Emphasizes the reduction of defects in processes, products, and services by applying MIAC ?

Back 47

Six Sigma

Front 48

MAIC ?

Back 48

Measure

Analyze

Improve

Control

Front 49

A measurable outcome of the process for which improvement is desired - is defined

Back 49

"defect" (according to Six Sigma)

Front 50

What factors influence working postures?

Back 50

- user characteristics

- task requirments

- design of workspace

Front 51

Trunk muscle power is ______ greater when standing then sitting?

Back 51

2x greater

Front 52

A defense against the postural stresses caused by standing or sitting?

Back 52

Figitting

Front 53

Relaxed sitting = lower disc pressure T or F?

Back 53

True

Front 54

When sitting to work, an employee should stand up & take a break for ______ minutes per every hour?

Back 54

10 minutes

Front 55

Why are back problems more likely with vehicle operators?

Back 55

From the long hours of sitting and vibration

Front 56

Research has indicated that it is not whether we sit or stand that causes undue postural stress but how we sit or stand T or F ?

Back 56

True

Front 57

Pressure is greater when leaning forward T or F?

Back 57

True

Front 58

What are the three main working postures?

Back 58

- lying down

- sitting

- standing

Front 59

Designers typically design to ensure that _____% of users will be accommodated?

Back 59

90%

Front 60

Anthropometric mismatches can have serious consequences for health and efficiency T or F?

Back 60

True

Front 61

Footstools have a slight angle that consists of _____ to _____ degrees?

Back 61

5 - 15° angle

Front 62

What 2 major factors must be considered for the design of hand tools?

Back 62

1) They must fit the contour of the hand

2) They should be designed so they can be held

securely with a straight wrist and proper arm

posture

Front 63

"Best fit" is acheived by engineering the problems out at the DESIGN STAGE. T or F?

Back 63

True

Front 64

Workplaces should be disigned mainly for _____, ______, and ______?

Back 64

safety, efficiency, and productivity

Front 65

Is a useful tool to evaluate dynamic task performance?

Back 65

Biomechanics

Front 66

What is the working height reference point of the worker?

Back 66

Elbow

Front 67

The strongest hand forces and the most useful mobility are between the _____ and _____ height?

Back 67

Elbow and hip

Front 68

What is the generally recommended working height for hand work while standing?

Back 68

50 to100mm (1.5" to 4") below the elbow

Front 69

Seat height should range from ____ to ____ cm?

Back 69

30cm to 50cm (1 to 2 ft)

Front 70

There is no one "best" posture T or F?

Back 70

True

Front 71

What are the three categories of requirements used when designing for the hand?

Back 71

- Strength

- Accuracy

- Displacement

Front 72

What industry showed a prevalence of WMSD's from using power tools?

Back 72

Automotive manufacturing

Front 73

MSD's that do not last longer than a couple months are considered _______?

Back 73

Acute MSD's

Front 74

MSD's lasting longer than several months or years are considered to be ______?

Back 74

Chronic MSD's

Front 75

For SINGLE-handled tools used for POWER tasks (like a hammer), the handle diameter should be in the range of _____ to _____ inches?

Back 75

1-1/4" to 2"

Front 76

For SINGLE-handled tools for PRECISION tasks (like a screwdriver), the handle diameter should be in the range of _____ to _____ inch?

Back 76

1/4" to 1/2"

Front 77

For DOUBLE-handled tools used for POWER tasks (like pliers), the grip span should be atleast _____ inches when fully closed and ____ inches when fully open?

Back 77

2" fully closed &

3-1/2" or less fully open

Front 78

For DOUBLE-handled tools used for PRECISION tasks (like tweezers), the grip span should be no less than _____inch fully closed and no more than _____inches when fully open?

Back 78

1" fully closed &

3" fully opened

Front 79

Small ridges or beads to assist in obtaining a firm grip?

Back 79

Knurling

Front 80

By adding a sleeve to the handle of a tool, it will pad the surface, increase the diameter, and improve texture T or F?

Back 80

True

Front 81

Tools with BENT handles are better when force is applied HORIZONTALLY. T or F ?

Back 81

True

Front 82

Tools with STRAIGHT handles are better when force is applied VERTICALLY. T or F?

Back 82

True

Front 83

Tasks requiring high force, select a tool with the handle length longer than the widest part of your hand usually ____" to ____" ?

Back 83

4 to 6 inches

Front 84

An Italian physicist who wrote a famous book on occupational illnesses 300 years ago?

Back 84

Bernardo Ramizzini

Front 85

A collective term for syndromes with or without physical manifestations, characterized by discomfort, pain, and impairment?

Back 85

Cumulative Trauma Disorder (CTD)

Front 86

Realized in 1961 that excessive repetitive motions of the muscles that control finger, hand, forearm, and upper arm movement, causes CTD's

Back 86

Peres

Front 87

He redesigned the keyboard in 1964 and discovered CTD's caused from the keyboard?

Back 87

Kroemer

Front 88

Through which body part is vibration likely transmitted?

Back 88

Lower back

Front 89

The weight of the load that nearly all healthy workers could perform over a substantial period of time ( up to 8 hrs) without an increased risk of developing lifting-related injuries?

Back 89

(RWL) Recommended Weight Limit

Front 90

A term that provides a relative estimate of the level of physical stress associated with a particular manual lifting task. The estimate of the level of physical stress is defined by the relationship of the weight of the load lifted and the recommended weight limit?

Back 90

(LI) Lifting Index

Front 91

The act of manually grasping an object of definable size and mass with two hands, and vertically moving the object without mechanical assistance?

Back 91

Lifting task

Front 92

Distance of the hands away from the mid-point between the ankles, in inches or centimeters (measure at the origin and destinantion of the lift)

Back 92

(H) Horizontal Location

Front 93

Weight of the object to be lifted, in pounds or kilograms, including the container?

Back 93

(L) Load Weight

Front 94

Distance of the hands above the floor, in inches or centimeters ( measure at the origin and destination of lift)

Back 94

(V) Vertical Location

Front 95

Absolute value of the difference between the vertical heights at the destination and origin of the lift, in inches or centimeters?

Back 95

(D) Vertical Travel Distance

Front 96

Angular measure of how far the object is displaced from the front (mid-sagittal plane) of the workers body at the beginning or ending of the lift, in degrees?

Back 96

(A) Asymmetry Angle

Front 97

Describes the position of the body when the hands are directly in front of the body and there is minimal twisting at the legs, torso or shoulders?

Back 97

Neutral Body Position

Front 98

Average number of lifts per minute over a 15 minute period?

Back 98

(F) Lifting Frequency

Front 99

Three-tiered classification of lifting duration specified by the distribution of work-time and recovery-time (work pattern). Duration is classified as either short (1 hour), moderate (1-2 hours), or long (2-8 hours), depending on the work pattern?

Back 99

Lifting Duration

Front 100

Classification of the quality of the hand-to-object coupling (handle, cut-out, or grip). Coupling quality is classified as good, fair, or poor?

Back 100

Coupling Classification

Front 101

A condition requiring precision placement of the load at the destination of the lift?

Back 101

Significant control

Front 102

A mathematical model which helps predict the risk of injury based on the weight being lifted and accounts for many confounding factors. Developed by NIOSH?

Back 102

NIOSH Lifting Equation

Front 103

MMH ?

Back 103

Manual Material Handling

Front 104

Who wrote the autobiographical tale "Down and Out in Paris and London"

Back 104

George Orwell

Front 105

An internal clock that is guided primarily by, among other factors, natural daylight- the sun.

Back 105

Circadian Rythm

Front 106

One of the most notorious examples of improper attention to circadian rhythm and sleep awareness was the Exxon Valdez oil spill in March 1989 T or F?

Back 106

True

Front 107

What factors affect the efficiency and safety of manual material handling tasks?

Back 107

- physical strength

- temperature

- fatigue

- slopes

- and load

Front 108

The NIOSH Lifting Equation is used to determine the maximim load a person can lift T or F ?

Back 108

True

Front 109

The type of ground surface where work is being performed has a definite impact on energy consumption T or F?

Back 109

True

Front 110

Generally, HEAVY WORK is characterized by extensive muscular exertion and highly physical activities T or F?

Back 110

True

Front 111

The consumption of energy is measured in ____?

Back 111

Kilojoules (kJ)

Front 112

The SEVERITY of a physical task is often measured by the consumption of energy and cardiac effort exerted during the task T or F?

Back 112

True

Front 113

Handle on a cart should be about ____m above the ground and approximately ____mm thick.

Back 113

1m above ground

40mm thick

Front 114

The center of mass of a two-wheeled cart should be as ______ and as ______ to the axle as possible for stability and to minimize the amount of weight that is supported?

Back 114

Low and close

Front 115

Job climbing should be performed at a slope of approximately _____degrees since it generates the best efficiency?

Back 115

10 degrees

Front 116

Stands for maximal oxygen uptake and refers to the amount of oxygen your body is capable of utilizing in 1 minute?

Back 116

VO2Max

Front 117

3 types of material handling?

Back 117

- lifting

- lowering

- pushing, pulling, carrying, holding an object

Front 118

_____% to _____% of people that do physically intensive tasks has suffered from back problems?

Back 118

60-70%

Front 119

What four categories are used to classify MMH tasks characteristics?

Back 119

- task characteristics

- material/container characteristics

- work practice characteristics

- worker characteristics

Front 120

Handling material involve any type of manipulation of an object or load T or F?

Back 120

True

Front 121

Manual Material Handling (MMH) is among the most frequent and most severe causes of injury all over the world, often resulting from overexertion T or F?

Back 121

True

Front 122

SWS ?

Back 122

Slow Wave Sleep - stages of sleep

Front 123

MMH PPE includes:

Back 123

-safety shoes

-gloves

-eye protection

-back belts

-hard hats

Front 124

Study or consideration of the body's metabolic responses and costs to involvement in physical effort in the work environment.

Back 124

Work physiology

Front 125

The harmful physical and emotional responses that occur when the requirements of the job do not match the capabilities, resources, or needs of the worker.

Back 125

Job stress

Front 126

REM ?

Back 126

Rapid Eye Movement sleep (the dream stage, eyes actully twitch back and forth?

Front 127

Understand the likelihood for injury, the worker characteristics should be considered in the following categories?

Back 127

-Physical

-Sensory capabilities

-Psychomotor

-Personality

-Health status

-Leisure time activities

Front 128

-Workplace geometry

-Frequency, duration, & pace of task

-Load handling

-Environmental factors

-Type of floor

Back 128

Task characteristics

Front 129

In the implementation of risk mitigating interventions, 3 broad categories to consider include?

Back 129

-engineering controls

-adminstative controls

-PPE