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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The response of a cell and its activity is due to what substance in the body?
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proteins
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Total activity of a protein is due to :
__________ x __________ |
specific activity of that protein
x amount of that protein molecules |
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The detriment of direct electrical communication is ?
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lack of individual flexibility
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what are the 3 types of chemical signals?
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1) Neurotransmitters
2) Hormones 3) Local signals |
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What are the 2 types of hormone signals?
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peptides
steroids |
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Which hormone signal (peptide / steroid) is slow in onset and longer lasting?
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steroid
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can local signals be identified in the blood?
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no
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What are the 2 subclasses of local signals?
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paracrine
autocrine |
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PGs, Histamine, Kinins are examples of wha type of signals?
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paracrine : local signals
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local signals released by one cell affecting neighbors?
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paracrine signals
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What type of signals affect the behavior of hte cell that released them?
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autocrine
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adenosine is an example of what type of local signal?
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autocrine
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What are the 2 mechanism of signal action?
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hydrophilic
lipophilic |
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polypeptide hormones act on cells by what mechanism?
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hydrophilic
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steroid hormones act on cells by what mechanism?
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lipophilic
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what type of signals cannot be stored in vesicles?
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steroid hormones
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the substance that may be released in vesicles and freely circulates in blood to act on cell?
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signal (hydrophilic)
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protein which generates secondary messenger
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effector
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what type of signal freely pass thru cellular membranes and cannot be stored in vesicles
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lipophilic signals
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where are the receptors for lipophilic signals
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cell cytosol or nucleus
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What type of signals cannot be metabolized in the liver when bound to albumin or transport protein and cannot be filtered in the kidney?
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lipophilic
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Where are the receptors for :
-Estrogen -Progesterone -Thyroid hormone located? |
within nucleus
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The 3 types of receptor-effector relationships are:
1) receptor-effector = same protein - ex: ? 2) receptor-effector = ? - nicotinic-Ach receptor 3) receptor and effector are separate proteins requiring what? |
1) ex: steroids , tyrosine kinase
2) subunits of same protein 3) means of communication between the 2 |
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what is the most common receptor-effector relationship?
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whereby the receptor and effector are separate proteins
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what is typically the effector in the neurotransmitter signaling system?
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ion channel (ionophore)
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Ca++ ATPases are constantly active to pump calcium where?
1 2 3 |
1) out of cell
2) into mitochondria 3) Into ER/Sarcoplasmic Reticulum |
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what is an example of a calcium binding protein (CBP)?
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calmodulin
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What type of receptor-effector relationship does tyrosine kinase exhibit?
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same protein
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how is Tyrosine Kinase activated?
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self phosphorylation upon receiving signal
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What is the action of activated Tyrosine Kinase
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ATP-dependent phosphorylation of other protein/enzymes to alter its activity
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what enzyme will cause dephosphorylation of actively phosphorylated protein/enzymes
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phosphatases
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Insulin
Growth factors (EGF, PDGF) are examples of _____ |
anabolic signals
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Tyrosine kinase regulates anabolic signals and thus is involved in the function of cell _____ and _____
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proliferation
differentiation |
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label the (receptor, effector, and secondary messenger) for the following:
- Adenyl Cyclase - Cyclic AMP - Inactive G protein |
Inactive G protein = receptor
AC = effector cAMP = 2nd messsenger |
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a G - protein in its inactive state has a GDP bound to what subunit?
alpha? beta? gamma? |
alpha
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what will cause inactivation of GTP-bound - gamma subunit?
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GTPases
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what aspect of the G-proteins will cholera toxin affect?
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the GTPase activity causing prolonged activty of Gprotein = diarrhea / death
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what family of Gproteins stimulate adenyl cyclase?
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Gs
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what enzyme inactivates active cAMP
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phosphodiesterase
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what desphosphorylates a phosphorylated protein due to cAMP?
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phoshoprotein phosphatases
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In the case of phospholipase C Gprotein cascade: what is the role of phospholipase C ?
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effector
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Phospholipase C converts :
Phosphatidyl-Inositol-Diphosphate (PIP2) ----> ? |
DAG ( diacylglyceride)
IP3 ( inositol triphosphate) |
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DAG and IP3 serve as what in the phospholipase C pathway?
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second messengers
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Which of DAG and IP3 is hydrophilic and hydrophobic?
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DAG = hydrophobic (remains in cell membrane)
IP3 = hydrophilic |
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the fatty acid chains of PI (phosphatidyl inositol) prior to being phosphorylated x2 to become IP3, are what?
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arachidonate
stearate |
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DAG when inactivated produces what to eventually release prostaglandins out of the cell by Prostaglandin synthetase?
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MAG and Arachidonate (arachidonic acid)
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DAG directly acts on what enzyme to start continue the cascade of altering proteins for the sake of change in cellular function?
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PKC (protein kinase C)
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IP3 does not directly act on PKC yet acts to do what inorder to indirectly stiumulate it or change the cell function directly?
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-releases Ca++ from the Sarcoplasmic reticulum
-bind CBPs to alter cellular fxn |
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what inactivates the phospholipase C cascade?
1 2 3 |
1) phosphatases dephosphorylate activated proteins
2) Ca++ is pumped back into SR 3) DAG is converted to MAG and Arachidonic acid |
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NO was formerly known as ?
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EDRF ( Endothelium Derived Relaxing Factor)
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what is the biogical physical state of Nitrous Oxide in the body?
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gas
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NO is produced as a by-product of oxygen when arginine is converted to _______ by NO synthetase
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citrulline
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NO increases the activity of _____ to convert GTP to cGMP (second messenger) within the vascular cell / smooth muscle
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Guanyl cyclase
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