Er - Pituitary And Adrenal Gland Histology

Front 1

another name for pituitary gland - why is it called this?

Back 1

master gland; because it produces a lot of hormones, many of which influence other endocrine glands

Front 2

what bone protects the pituitary gland? in what part of this bone is the gland found?

Back 2

sphenoid bone - sella turcica

Front 3

what is the embryonic origin of the pituitary gland

Back 3

dual origin:
- nervous origin - originates from a down growth of the brain
- epithelial origin - originates in the mouth

Front 4

part of the pituitary gland of nervous origin

Back 4

pars nervosa

Front 5

part of the pituitary gland of epithelial origin

Back 5

pars distalis

Front 6

rathke's pouch

Back 6

a depression in the roof of the developing mouth, gives rise to the anterior pituitary

Front 7

what happens to rathke's pouch under normal circumstances

Back 7

it completely disappears

Front 8

explain how it may be possible for salivary glands to be in the pituitary glands

Back 8

sometimes there are oral tissues which are carried up with the pituitary gland

Front 9

describe the blood supply of the pituitary gland

Back 9

dual blood supply:
- enters directly into the adenohypohysis and neurohypophysis
- enters from the brain through the hypothalamus

Front 10

why is it important for blood to pass through the hypothalamus and then through the pituitary gland

Back 10

when passing through the hypothalamus, the blood picks up releasing factors

Front 11

why are releasing factors important for the pituitary gland

Back 11

releasing factors are needed for the pituitary gland to carry out its function. without releasing factors, secretory products of the anterior pituitary cannot be exocytosed

Front 12

what is pars intermedia

Back 12

area between anterior and posterior pituitary; a remnant of the lumenal space of rathke's pouch

Front 13

pars tuberalis

Back 13

collar-like portion of the pars distalis

Front 14

fuction of pars tuberalis

Back 14

possibly involved in producing the same reproductive hormones produced in the pars distalis

Front 15

pars distalis

Back 15

major portion of the anterior pituitary

Front 16

how do you tell what cells make what kind of hormone

Back 16

immunocytochemical system

Front 17

which portion of the pituitary gland is the most highly vascularized

Back 17

pars tuberalis

Front 18

name the hormones produced by the pituitary gland

Back 18

- growth hormone
- thyroid stimulating hormone
- follicle stimulating hormone
- leutenizing hormone
- adrenocorticotropic hormone
- melanocyte stimulating hormone
- antidiuretic hormone
- oxytocin
- (endorphins)

Front 19

cells that produce GH stain with what kind of dye

Back 19

acid dye

Front 20

as long as you are making GH, __________________________

Back 20

your skeleton will continue to elongate

Front 21

what happens if you stop making GH at a very young age

Back 21

pituitary dwarf

Front 22

too much GH

Back 22

pituitary giant

Front 23

function of TSH

Back 23

stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroid hormone

Front 24

name 2 reproduction hormones

Back 24

- follicle stimulating hormone
- leutenizing hormone

Front 25

what hormones are produced in the pars distalis

Back 25

- GH
- TSH
- FSH
- LH
- ACTH
- Prolactin

Front 26

FSH is important in ________________. It is necessary for ___________________________.

Back 26

the menstrual cycle; an oocyte to mature in an ovary

Front 27

another name for LH

Back 27

interstitial cell stimulating hormone

Front 28

LH is involved in _________________

Back 28

pregnancy and the menstrual cycle

Front 29

fxn of LH in males

Back 29

involved in the production of testosterone in the testes

Front 30

ACTH controls the __________________

Back 30

adrenal cortex, especially in the production of mineralocorticoids

Front 31

how is the pars intermedia distinguished from other parts of the pituitary gland

Back 31

it has large vacuoles, may represent the original lumen that was present in Rathke's pouch

Front 32

name the hormones produced in the pars intermedia

Back 32

melanocyte stimulating hormone

Front 33

what hormone was the first to be isolated from the pituitary gland

Back 33

ACTH

Front 34

what are melanocytes

Back 34

cells of the skin that produce melanin

Front 35

level of importance of MSH in humans

Back 35

not very

Front 36

what is the effect of MSH in humans

Back 36

when a woman is pregnant, may cause the nipple of the breast to darken permanently

Front 37

MSH is similary to ________ in structure

Back 37

ACTH

Front 38

what hormone causes animals such as chameleons to change colors

Back 38

MSH

Front 39

pars nervosa consists entirely of ______________

Back 39

axons from the hypothalamus

Front 40

the pars nervosa is distinguished because of the presence of _______________

Back 40

herring bodies

Front 41

what are herring bodies

Back 41

accumulations of the hormones produced in the pars nervosa. they roll down the axons and accumulate at the bottom

Front 42

what are pituicytes

Back 42

cells that are probably macrophages in origin, pick up material and self stain easily

Front 43

what hormones are produced in the pars nervosa

Back 43

- ADH
- oxytocin

Front 44

function of ADH

Back 44

important in maintaining the permeability of collecting tubules in the kidneys

Front 45

what happens if there is a shortage of ADH

Back 45

huge amounts of urine --> diabetes insipidus

Front 46

function of oxytocin

Back 46

causes the smooth muscle cells to contract very strongly

Front 47

oxytocin modulates _____________

Back 47

uterine contractions

Front 48

where are pituicytes found

Back 48

pars nervosa

Front 49

which hormone causes the uterus to contract to expel the fetus

Back 49

oxytocin

Front 50

which hormone affects myoepithelial cells

Back 50

oxytocin

Front 51

give an example of the effect of oxytocin of myoepithelial cells

Back 51

milk letdown - oxytocin causes the contractile cells of the secretory portion of mammary glands to contract and release milk

Front 52

what would the role of oxytocin be in males

Back 52

ejaculation

Front 53

where is the adrenal gland found

Back 53

at the apex of the kidney

Front 54

name the 2 distinct parts of the adrenal gland

Back 54

- cortex
- medulla

Front 55

describe the blood supply of the adrenal medulla

Back 55

dual blood supply:
- directly to the medulla
- through the capsule of the cortex then trickles into the medulla

Front 56

what is the embryonic origin of the adrenal gland

Back 56

dual embryonic origin:
- medulla comes from what was originally nervous tissue
- cortex is derived from mesothelium

Front 57

name the layers of the adrenal cortex

Back 57

1- zona glomerulosa
2- zona fasciculata
3- zona reticularis

Front 58

zona glomerulosa produces

Back 58

mineralocorticoids

Front 59

give 2 examples of mineralocorticoids produced by zona glomerulosa; these hormones affect _________________

Back 59

aldosterone, corticosterone; they affect sodium and potassium balance

Front 60

what happens if you don't produce enough aldosterone

Back 60

you lose sodium very rapidly --> addison's disease

Front 61

sign of a person with decreased amounts of aldosterone

Back 61

salt hunger

Front 62

glomerulus means

Back 62

little ball

Front 63

describe the cells of the zona glomerulosa

Back 63

they are arranged right under the cortex in ball-like structures

Front 64

describe the cells of the zona fasciculata

Back 64

line up and appear to be in columns

Front 65

cells of the zona fasciculata are sometimes referred to as ____________. why?

Back 65

spongiocytes; they are filled with lipid droplets that are extracted during the preparation of slides, so under a microscope they appear very spongy

Front 66

what is found between the columns of cells in the zona fasciculata? why is this important?

Back 66

capillaries; any secretions from this portion of the adrenal gland is picked up very quickly in the blood

Front 67

zona fasciculata produces ________________

Back 67

glucocorticoids

Front 68

glucocorticoids are involved in _________________________. they also have a ________________ function.

Back 68

glucose metabolism and gluconeogenesis; anti-inflammatory

Front 69

negative effect of glucocorticoids

Back 69

they affect protein production. so if children are given large amounts they won't grow - ala gary coleman

Front 70

describe the cells of the zona reticularis

Back 70

irregular in organization - all jumbled together

Front 71

zona reticularis may be involved in _______________

Back 71

glucocorticoid production

Front 72

some cells of the zona reticularis produce

Back 72

weak androgens (male hormones)

Front 73

male secondary sexual characteristics are enhanced by

Back 73

weak androgens

Front 74

adrenal medulla contains cells that can be stained by ___________

Back 74

chromium salts

Front 75

cells of the adrenal medulla are called _______________

Back 75

chromaffin cells

Front 76

how many kinds of cells in the medulla

Back 76

2 :
- one forms epinephrine
- one forms norepinephrine

Front 77

embryonic origin of cells of the adrenal medulla

Back 77

nervous in origin

Front 78

what turns on the cells of the adrenal medulla

Back 78

sympathetic activity (fight or flight)