Equus

Front 1

5 Viral Respiratory Diseases of Horses

Back 1

1. Equine Influenza
2. EHV (Rhinopneumonitis)
3. EVA
4. Equine Adenovirus
5. Equine Rhinovirus

Front 2

Transmission of EI

Back 2

aerosol

Front 3

Envelope in EI contains...

Back 3

Contains Neuroanimnase and Hemmagglutin

Front 4

Rare sequele to EI

Back 4

Cardiomyopathy

Front 5

Why do you always have to update vaccines with EI?

Back 5

Antigenic Shift

Front 6

EI: more severe in young or old?

Back 6

Young

Front 7

Diagnosis of EI

Back 7

1. Virus Isolation
2. FA or ELISA
3. Serology (4 fold incr.)

Front 8

common sequele to EI

Back 8

Post Viral Allergic Pneumonitis: chronic pneumonitis, COPD, bact. and guttural pouch infections, bronchitis and pneumonia

Front 9

How often do you vaccinate against EI?

Back 9

Every 3-4 months
Intranasal
Booster 2-4 wks before show because if only 10 days or less then could have transiet dz.

Front 10

Transmission of EHV

Back 10

Inhalation or Ingestion

Front 11

MC age for EHV

Back 11

Weanling

Front 12

Stain of EHV that can cause abortion and CNS signs

Back 12

EHV 1

Front 13

Dx of EHV

Back 13

Serology
Virus Isolation
FA Stain
(note: ELISA can't disting. between EHV 1 & 4

Front 14

When to vaccinate pregnant mares against EHV?

Back 14

5,7, 9 months gestation

Front 15

How often to vaccinate foals against EHV?

Back 15

Every 3 months

Front 16

EVA is most prevelent in this breed?

Back 16

Standardbreds

Front 17

Transmission of EVA

Back 17

Respiratory Secretions and Venereally

Front 18

Carriers of EVA

Back 18

Stallions

Front 19

CS are febrile, serous nasal discharge that may become purulent, leukopenia, pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia, abortions and CNS signs

Back 19

EHV

Front 20

CS are acute onset of fever, coughing and nasal discharge

Back 20

EI

Front 21

CS are fever, limb edema and stiffness, palpebral edema, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, urticaria, papular eruptions on muc mem., abortions

Back 21

EVA

Front 22

What 3 things do you worry about in an overweight horse?

Back 22

1. Lipidosis
2. Laminitis
3. Arthritis

Front 23

What 3 things do you worry about in an underweight horse?

Back 23

1. Not enough feed
2. Parasites
3. Teeth

Front 24

where do teeth get sharp on the maxilla?
on the mandible?

Back 24

buccal surface on the maxilla and lingual surface on the mandible
(on the top the teeth are sharp on the cheek side and on the bottom the teeth are sharp on the tongue side)

Front 25

EHV-1 Causes

Back 25

CNS
Rhinopneumonitis
Abortion

Front 26

EHV-2 causes

Back 26

nothing

Front 27

EHV-3 causes

Back 27

Coital Exanthema

Front 28

EHV-4 causes

Back 28

Respiratory probs

Front 29

Exuberant Granulation Tissue aka

Back 29

proud flesh

Front 30

cause of proud flesh?

Back 30

poor wound management

Front 31

An inflammatory response involving the DORSAL lamina of the hoof

Back 31

Laminitis

Front 32

4 Causes of Laminitis
(endotoxemia)

Back 32

Carb overload
Retained Placenta
Corticosteroids
Excessive Work or Stress

Front 33

Stance with Laminitis

Back 33

Sawhorse Stance: rear limbs are placed under body

Front 34

With Laminitis, where is the positive hoof test at?

Back 34

The Toe

Front 35

MC place for laminitis to occur?

Back 35

Forelimbs (toe pain)

Front 36

Chronic CS of Laminitis?

Back 36

Feet Cool to the Touch
No digital pulse
Dropped Sole
Diverging Hoof Growth Lines
Rotation on P3

Front 37

Dx of Laminitis?

Back 37

Rads showing rotation of P3
Nerve Block that shows improvement

Front 38

Nerve Block to Dx Laminitis?

Back 38

Palmar Digital Nerve Block

Front 39

Tx/pain relief for acute laminitis?

Back 39

Bute, Banamin

Front 40

Frog Support used with Acute Laminitis?
(3)

Back 40

Styrofoam
Lily pads
Heart Bar Shoe

Front 41

Way to reduce stress on lamina with laminitis

Back 41

Wedge pad heel that reduces the pull of the DDF

Front 42

Vasodialators used with Laminitis?

Back 42

Acetylpromazine
Nitroglycerin Patches
Trental
Domperidone

Front 43

Why is heparin used to treat laminitis?

Back 43

Activates reticuloendothelial system
Decreases clotting in foot microvasculure

Front 44

Used to reduce inflammation in laminitis?

Back 44

NSAIDS
DMSO

Front 45

General Treatment for Acute Laminitis?

Back 45

Pain Meds, Frog Support, Heels that reduce strain on DDF, Vasodialators, Heparin, Anti-inflammatories

Front 46

Surgical Treatment for Chronic Laminitis?

Back 46

1. Dorsal Hoof Wall Resection
2. Full thickness hoof wall resection
3. DDF Tenotomy
4. Inferior Check Ligament Desmotomy

Front 47

Dorsal Hoof Wall Resection

Back 47

remove toe and reshape hoof parallel to P3

Front 48

Full thickness hoof wall resection

Back 48

drain necrotic debris, allows for new hoof growth

Front 49

DDF Tenotomy

Back 49

For pasture soundness only

Front 50

Inferior Check Ligament Desmotomy

Back 50

Reduces the pull of the DDF

Allows for an athletic career

Front 51

MC cause of lameness

Back 51

Subsolar Abcess

Front 52

cause of subsolar abcess

Back 52

1. Puncture wounds at the frog
2. Puncture wounds at the white line from gravel

Front 53

where do puncture wounds at the frog drain?

Back 53

At the heel between the sensitive and insensitive frog

Front 54

where do puncture wounds at the white line drain?

Back 54

At the coronary band

Front 55

Tx of Subsolar Abcesses?

Back 55

Estab. Ventral Drainage
Maintain Drainage with Epson Salt and Ichthammol
Antibiotics in foals

Front 56

Mares repro barriers

Back 56

1. Vulva lips
2. Vestibular Sphincter: vulvovestibular junction
3. Cervix

Front 57

Normal Vulvar Conformation

Back 57

The dorsal commisure of the vulva should be even or tightly below the bony floor of the pelvis

Front 58

pustules or ulcerations on the labia of mares or the penis of stallions

Back 58

Equine Coital Exanthema
EHV-3

Front 59

safe to breed horse with Coital Exanthema when?

Back 59

3 weeks after lesions go away

Front 60

Treat Melanoma (small nodules that can metastisize) of the vulva with?

Back 60

Cimetidine

Front 61

Treat ACC (granulomatous or plaquelike lesions, rarely metastisizes)

Back 61

Surgery
Cryosurgery

Front 62

MC psuedohermaphrodite?

Back 62

Male Psuedohemaphrodite: Hypoplastic testicles, elongated rudimentary vulva with penile homologue instead of clitorus, XX, male behav

Front 63

Location of Persistant Hymen?

Back 63

Vulvovestibular Junction

Front 64

Tx of Persistant Hymen?

Back 64

should be broken down to allow fluid to exit, can breed 2-3 wks later

Front 65

First Degree Perineal Laceration

Back 65

Laceration thru the dorsal vulvular commisure and mucosa of the vestibule

Front 66

Tx for Primary Perineal Laceration

Back 66

Caslicks

Front 67

Second Degree Perineal Laceration

Back 67

Laceration thru the dorsal vulvular commisure, vestibular mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer

Front 68

Third Degree Perineal Laceration

Back 68

Laceration thru the rectal floor, vestibular ceiling, and anal sphincter

Front 69

Vericose Veins in the Mare?

Back 69

Chronic slow loss of blood from the vulva late in gestation

Front 70

Tx for vericose veins in the mare?

Back 70

Can be surgically ligated

Front 71

Cause of urine pooling?

Back 71

During estrus, the cervix relaxes and uterine tone decreases so urine pooling can occur

Front 72

Urine Pooling can cause these 3 things?

Back 72

1. Endometritis
2. Vaginitis
3. Cervicitis

Front 73

Treatment for urine pooling?

Back 73

Flush large volumes of saline or antibiotics before cover, Caslicks, or surg correction with a urethral extension

Front 74

Pneumovagina

Back 74

Asending infection can result in endometritis

Front 75

Uterine Infection

Back 75

Desending infection

Front 76

Benign Portions of mesonephric tubules may be a rare cause of secondary infections

Back 76

Gartner's ducts

Front 77

Dx degnerative uterine disease

Back 77

Endometrial biopsy

Front 78

Seen on endometrial biopsy with degen uterine dz

Back 78

1. Glandular degen
2. lymphatic abnorm
3. endometrial atrophy
4. endometrial cysts

Front 79

Uterine Neoplasm (rare)

Back 79

Leiomyoma

Front 80

Caused by contamination after breakdown in uterine defense mechanisms due to breeding, examination, and poor perineal conformation

Back 80

Endometritis

Front 81

Uterine Defense Mechanisms

Back 81

1. Uterine Contraction
2. Phagocytosis by neutrophils
3. Repro anatomy barriers (vulva, vestib sphincter, cervix)

Front 82

MC cause of endometritis

Back 82

Streptococcus zooepidemicus

Front 83

Absolute prognostic indicator of active inflammation

Back 83

Presence of neutrophils in the lumen when doing endometrial cytological eval.

Front 84

Seen on ultrasound with Endometritis

Back 84

Demonstration of uterine fluid by ultrasound (7-12 days after ovulation)

Front 85

Tx of Endometritis?

Back 85

Lavage enhanced by Oxytocin
Antibiotic therapy

Front 86

Reportable venereally transmitted bacterial endometritis

Back 86

Contagious Equine Metritis

Front 87

Etiology of CEM

Back 87

Taylorella equigenitalis

Front 88

Asymptomatic carrier of CEM

Back 88

Stallion

Front 89

Discharge with CEM

Back 89

Copious Grey Exudate for short duration

Front 90

CEM is localized in the mare where?

Back 90

the Clitorus

Front 91

Media to grow CEM

Back 91

Chocolate Agar

Front 92

Tx for CEM

Back 92

Scrub clitorus with chlorhex then pack with nitrofurazone or chlor hex ointment

Front 93

Cervix location during Diestrus

Back 93

Closed and lies in the middle of the cranial face of the vagina with a round rosette appearance

Front 94

Cervix location during Estrus

Back 94

Softens and opens, dropping toward the vaginal floor as it relaxes

Front 95

when are pregnancy losses the greatest in the mare?

Back 95

before day 35 (before the embryo enters the uterus)

Front 96

Pediculosis aka

Back 96

Lice

Front 97

Sucking Louse found on the mane, tail, and distal legs

Back 97

Haematopinus asini

Front 98

Biting louse found on the dorsolateral trunk

Back 98

Damalinia equi

Front 99

Season that lice is most common?

Back 99

Winter

Front 100

Dx lice

Back 100

acetate tape

Front 101

Psoroptic aka

Back 101

Mange

Front 102

Body Mange

Back 102

Psorpties equi

Front 103

Otitis Externa

Back 103

Psoptes caniculi or hippotis

Front 104

Quarantine how long with psoroptic mange?

Back 104

7-12 wks

Front 105

Tx for psoroptic mange and sarcoptic mange

Back 105

Ivermectin

Front 106

Don't use this in the horse for mange because it causes depression, ataxia, and progressive large intestinal impaction

Back 106

Amitraz

Front 107

Rare, reportable mange in horses that has been eradicated?

Back 107

Sarcoptic mange

Front 108

Chorioptic mange aka

Back 108

Leg Mange

Front 109

Quarantine for how long with chorioptic mange

Back 109

10 wks

Front 110

Causes pruritis, erythema, alopecia and crust formation along legs

Back 110

Chorioptic mange

Front 111

MC breed affected with Chorioptic mange: feathers in fetlock region

Back 111

Draft horses

Front 112

Chorioptic: surface mange or deeper?

Back 112

Surface

Front 113

Etiology of demodex in horses?

Back 113

Demodex caballi and equi

Front 114

Rare mange associated with immunosuppressive conditions or therapies?

Back 114

Demodex

Front 115

Trobiculosis aka

Back 115

Chiggers

Front 116

Free living larva that normally feed on small rodents: associated with pruitic papules and wheals on horses

Back 116

Chiggers

Front 117

Dx Chiggers?

Back 117

Colorful larvae id in the center of a wheal or papule

Front 118

More common in cows, but seen in horses that live close to cows

Back 118

Warbles

Front 119

Hypodermiasis aka?

Back 119

Warbles

Front 120

stage of warbles that penetrate the skin and produce a breathing hole?

Back 120

L3

Front 121

CS: SQ nodules and cysts over the dorsal back

Back 121

Warbles

Front 122

aka for summer sores

Back 122

Habronemiasis

Front 123

Etiology for Habronemiasis

Back 123

Habronema musca
Drashia megastoma

Front 124

Summer sores life cycle

Back 124

Adults live in the stomach
Eggs and larva are passed in the feces
Ingested by maggots of flies
Flies deposit larva on horse mouth
CS occur when the larva are deposited in other places (prepuce)

Front 125

Summer sores may cause this reaction

Back 125

Hypersensitivity

Front 126

Common findings with habronemia

Back 126

Nonhealing wounds
Proud flesh (exuberant granulation tissue)

Front 127

Discharge and granules with habronemia?

Back 127

Serosanginous or hemorrhagic

Yellow granules

Front 128

DX habronemia?

Back 128

id larva on granule exam or tissue biosy

Front 129

Onchocerca of nuchal ligament

Back 129

O. gutturosa

Front 130

Onchocerca of CT of flexor tendons and suspensory ligaments of the fetlock

Back 130

O. reticulata

Front 131

Onchocerca of the funicular portion of the nuchal ligament

Back 131

O. cervicalis

Front 132

Intermediate host for Onchocerca

Back 132

Cullucoides gnats

Front 133

Onchocerca: hypersensitivity to the microfilaria along the ...

Back 133

the *ventral midline*, face and neck

Front 134

ocular lesions with Onchocerca

Back 134

keratitis, uveitis, peripaular choroidal sclerosis
depigmentation of the bulbar conjunctiva

Front 135

Dx of Onchocerca

Back 135

Micro exam of skin biopsy with an eosinophilic granulomatous reaction to the parasite around the microfilaria

Front 136

Oxyuriasis aka

Back 136

Pinworm

Front 137

where does pinworm adult female lay her eggs

Back 137

out of the horses anus

Front 138

CS of pinworms

Back 138

Rubbing tail on fence posts, trees, etc

Front 139

Dfdx of pinworms (4)

Back 139

1. Food allergy
2. culicoides hypersensitivity
3. lice
4. stable vice

Front 140

Premature/dysmature foal

Back 140

neutropenia

Front 141

any sick foal

Back 141

septicemia

Front 142

barker foal, hypoxiod ischemic

Back 142

Neonatal maladjustment syndrome

Front 143

lymphopenia, decreased IgM, lymphoid hypoplasia

Back 143

Combined immunodeficiency

Front 144

COPD aka

Back 144

Heaves
Allergic Airway Disease

Front 145

COPD signs can appear after this vaccine

Back 145

Flu vax

Front 146

COPD: allergy to...

Back 146

spores of hay molds=indoor
pollens in pasture=outdoor

Front 147

type of dyspnea due to bronchitis from COPD

Back 147

Expiratory dyspnea

Front 148

heave line is hypertrophy of these muscles

Back 148

External abdominal oblique

Front 149

Seen on TTW with COPD

Back 149

Healthy neutrophils (segs)
lg amnt of mucous
(curschmann's spirals)

Front 150

response to this with suspected COPD means postive dx

Back 150

atropine or glycopyrolate

Front 151

TX of COPD

Back 151

Corticosteroids (dex, triamcilinolone, beclamethasone)
Bronchodialtors (brethine, clenbuteral, albuterol)
Lasix
Hyposens test

Front 152

Infectious degen disease of the frog that results in black necrotic material in this region

Back 152

Thrush

Front 153

Thrush associated with these 3 things..

Back 153

1. filthy stalls
2. failure to clean frog reg.
3. lack of frog pressure

Front 154

Tx of Thrush?

Back 154

Debride diseased frog
Pick feet daily
Coppertox
Formalin
Mild Antiseptics

Front 155

Shock aborber between cartilage and cortical bone

Back 155

Subchondral bone

Front 156

_________(incr. or decr) PG's and HA's with Arthritis

Back 156

Decreased

Front 157

_________(incr. or decr) vol., protein count with Arthritis

Back 157

Increased

Front 158

Configuration of collagen fibrils with arthritis

Back 158

Parallel

Front 159

Arthritis: inflamm. induces

Back 159

Cytokines, kkinins, PG E, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, and prostacycline

Front 160

Synovial fluid analysis with aseptic arthritis

Back 160

total leukocytes: norm or slightly elevated
increased lymphocytes
increased protein

Front 161

Synovial fluid analysis with septic arthritis

Back 161

Predominance of segmented neutrophils

Front 162

Pathogneum of septic arthritis

Back 162

Segs greater than 30,000 in synovial fluid

Front 163

Seen with septic arthritis on rads

Back 163

osteophytes
subchondral bone reabsorption
sclerosis
periosteal bone formation

Front 164

uses 90m-methylene diphosphonate isotope and reflects relative blood flow in tissue

Back 164

Neuclear scintigraphy

Front 165

Tx of Arthritis

Back 165

NSAIDS
Corticosteroids
HA
Antiarthritics like PSGAG's (adequan)
joint lavage

Front 166

Ocular trauma can result in

Back 166

Uveitis

Front 167

How much of their body wt shuld foals consume in a day?

Back 167

20-30%

Front 168

Uses to assess malnutrition

Back 168

Albumin
Lymphocytes

Front 169

If foal can't suckle, how do you feed

Back 169

Nasogastric tube

Front 170

Why shouldn't you force feed with foals?

Back 170

Aspiration pneumonia

Front 171

Onchocerca of the funicular portion of the nuchal ligament

Back 171

O. cervicalis

Front 172

Intermediate host for Onchocerca

Back 172

Cullucoides gnats

Front 173

Onchocerca: hypersensitivity to the microfilaria along the ...

Back 173

the *ventral midline*, face and neck

Front 174

ocular lesions with Onchocerca

Back 174

keratitis, uveitis, peripaular choroidal sclerosis
depigmentation of the bulbar conjunctiva

Front 175

Dx of Onchocerca

Back 175

Micro exam of skin biopsy with an eosinophilic granulomatous reaction to the parasite around the microfilaria

Front 176

Oxyuriasis aka

Back 176

Pinworm

Front 177

where does pinworm adult female lay her eggs

Back 177

out of the horses anus

Front 178

CS of pinworms

Back 178

Rubbing tail on fence posts, trees, etc

Front 179

Dfdx of pinworms (4)

Back 179

1. Food allergy
2. culicoides hypersensitivity
3. lice
4. stable vice

Front 180

Premature/dysmature foal

Back 180

neutropenia

Front 181

any sick foal

Back 181

septicemia

Front 182

barker foal, hypoxiod ischemic

Back 182

Neonatal maladjustment syndrome

Front 183

lymphopenia, decreased IgM, lymphoid hypoplasia

Back 183

Combined immunodeficiency

Front 184

COPD aka

Back 184

Heaves
Allergic Airway Disease

Front 185

COPD signs can appear after this vaccine

Back 185

Flu vax

Front 186

Common condition associated w/ severe straining or tearing of flexor tendons

Back 186

Bowed Tendons

Front 187

Causes of Bowed Tendons

Back 187

1.Hyperextension of the fetlock
2.Trauma w/ exercise
3.Muscle fatique w/ exhaustion
4.External trauma
5.Improper bandaging

Front 188

MC Cause of Bowed Tendons

Back 188

Hyperextension of the fetlock

Front 189

3 types of Bowed Tendons

Back 189

1.High bow – w/in carpal sheath
2.Mid bow – between carpal and digital sheaths
3.Low bow – caudal to P1

Front 190

MC limbs for bowed tendons

Back 190

forelimbs

Front 191

rule outs for bowed tendons

Back 191

Cellulitis and suspensory desmitis

Front 192

Immed tx for bowed tendons

Back 192

1.For three days
2.Ice 20 minutes every 6 hours
3.Bute
4.DMSO
5.Stall rest
6.Hydrotherapy
7.Poultice bandages

Front 193

Follow up therapy for bowed tendons

Back 193

1.U/S 4 days post injury and then every 30 days
2.Stop DMSO and possibly bute
3.Stall rest until heat is gone
4.Support bandages and controlled hacks for 4-8 weeks

Front 194

Surgical treatments for bowed tendons

Back 194

1.Proximal check ligament desmotomy
2.Tendon splitting
3.Volar ligament transection

Front 195

Tendon splitting

Back 195

Allows for collagen reconstruction of core tendon- In association w/ proximal check desmotomy

Front 196

Volar ligament transection

Back 196

-SDF tendinitis-Restricted movment of SDF through fetlock canal- Notching of sheath over volar annular ligament

Front 197

prognosis with bowed tendons

Back 197

20% return to previous level of training

Front 198

aka lumpy wool and Strawberry fot rot, cutaneous streptotrichosis, rain rot, rain scald, dew poisoning

Back 198

Dermatophilosis

Front 199

Dermatophilosis etiology

Back 199

Dermatophilus congolensis

Front 200

Infection of the epidermis characterized by exudative dermatitis w/ scab formation
·Seen in cattle, sheep and goats most commonly (occasionally horses)

Back 200

Dermatophilus

Front 201

causes of Dermatophilosis

Back 201

Prolonged wetting by rain, high humidity, high temp and flies and ticks can increase it

Front 202

Dermatophilosis: how do scabs look?

Back 202

Scabs look raised and circular

Front 203

Dermatophilosis: Lumpy wool

Back 203

pyramid-shaped masses of scabs on wool

Front 204

Dermatophilosis:· Strawberry foot rot

Back 204

skin from coronet to carpus or hock

Front 205

Tx of Dermatophilosis

Back 205

PPG or streptomycin injections

Front 206

where is dermatophysis seen?

Back 206

·In horses it is seen on the rump, limbs and face

Front 207

Bacterial pneumonia in foals: common primary

Back 207

Primary – Streptococcus zooepidemicus and Rhodococcus equi

Front 208

Bacterial pneumonia in foals
Secondary to sepsis

Back 208

E coli, Actinobacillus equuli & suis, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Salmonella

Front 209

Bacterial pneumonia in foals
Secondary to virus

Back 209

Influenza, EAV, EHV-1,2,4, or Rhino

Front 210

Bacterial pneumonia in foals
Others often seen in combination with above organisms are

Back 210

Pasteurella multocida and Bordetella bronchiseptica

Front 211

bacterial pneumonia of the foal caused by

Back 211

overcrowding, poor housing, transportation, rough handling, inadequate nutrition, dehydration, poor ventilation, FPT, poor vaccination of mare

Front 212

Clinical signs of bacterial pneumonia of the foal

Back 212

a.Fever – early
b.Resp rate > 30 bpm
c.Flared nostrils, exaggerated rib movement and abdominal effort
d.Exercise intolerance, cyanosis, weakness and reluctnce to move – esp R. equi infection
e.Mucopurulent nasal discharge
f.Coughing – exacerbated by exercise or restraint
g.Auscultation shows increased bronchial and tracheal sounds, esp in cranioventral lungs
h.R. equi foals may show nonseptic synovitis, D+ and uveitis

Front 213

Rhodococcus equi

Back 213

8-10 weeks old, when passive immunity declines

Front 214

Two clinical forms of Rhodococcus equi

Back 214

a.Subacute – diffuse miliary pyogranulomatous pneumonia, usually die w/in days
b.Chronic – pneumonia, compromised resp fxn and untrhiftiness

Front 215

Inflammation of the pleural surface w/ exudation into the pleural space

Back 215

Pleuritis/pleuropneumonia

Front 216

Horses are ...more prone or less prone... to pleural fluid accumulation b/c arterial supply to pleura is from sytemic circulation (not pulmonary circulation)

Back 216

more prone

Front 217

Pleuritis/pleuropneumonia
In the horse (not other spp), it is...

Back 217

secondary to pneumonia or pulmonary abscesses

Front 218

Pleuritis/pleuropneumonia MC secondary to...

Back 218

Streptococcus

Front 219

most common Pleuritis/pleuropneumonia in horses recently transported

Back 219

Bacteroides

Front 220

Clinical signs with Pleuritis/pleuropneumonia

Back 220

·Clinical signs
a.Fever, ADR
b.Nasal discharge – mucopurulent to serohemorrhagic
c.May see halitosis, wt loss and edema and pleural pain
d.Dyspnea, Tachypnea
e.O may complain of low grade colic or laminitis signs
f.Auscultation – can hear all but bronchial sounds

Front 221

best prognostic indicator for Pleuritis/pleuropneumonia

Back 221

ODOR – , can detect putrid smell (anaerobic bactreial infection)

Front 222

Dx of Pleuritis/pleuropneumonia

Back 222

Thoracocentresis for cell cont, cytology, protein, Gram stain, bacterial culture and senstivity, aneaerobic bacterial culture and mycoplasmal isolation

Front 223

Tx of Pleuritis/pleuropneumonia

Back 223

antimicrobial therapy and drains

Front 224

Etiology of Tuberculosis in horses

Back 224

Mycobacterium avium, bovis or tuberculosis

Front 225

how is tb in horses spread?

Back 225

Ingestion and inhalation, hematogenous spread causing acute miliary tuberculosis in lung or specific organ involvement w/ nodular lesions

Front 226

Nutritional D+ in foals caused by

Back 226

Caused by overfeeding milk or sudden intro of grain or roughage, or ingestion of sand, dirt or wood

Front 227

Gastroduodenal ulcers in foals caused by

Back 227

a. High grain diet or severe malnutrition
b. May be other causes including stress, NSAIDs, infectious agents

Front 228

Clinical signs of Gastroduodenal ulcers

Back 228

Clinical signs are bruxism (grinding teeth), ptyalism, low volume D+, colic and anorexia, lie in dorsal recumbancy

Front 229

tx of Gastroduodenal ulcers

Back 229

- H2 blockers (Cimetidine & Ranitidine)
- antacids (Aluminum hydroxide)
- Sucralfate
- proton pump inhibitor Omeprazole
- Prostaglandin E analog Misoprostel
- Metoclopromide – stimulate GI motility and enhance gastric empyting
- Bethanechol – cholinergic agonist

Front 230

cause of septicemia in foals

Back 230

Caused by bacteria through the blood stream from resp, GI, umbilicus, placenta or locatlized infection (jt ill, navel ill, pneumonia, encephalitis)

Front 231

MC cause of septicemia in foals

Back 231

E. coli

Front 232

Clincial signs with septicemia in foals

Back 232

a.ADR – depression, lethargy
b.Petechial and echymotic hemorrhaging in MM and ears
c.Shock or coma
d.Pneumonia, D+, ecepthalitis, uveitis, septic arthritis
e.Owner will think mare stepped on her foal
f.Neutropenia most often with toxic changes

Front 233

Dx of septicemia in foals

Back 233

IgG of < 800

Front 234

Tx of septicemia in foals

Back 234

colostrum IV if less than 12 hours old, Ab therapy

Front 235

Parturition problems in the mare Number one cause is

Back 235

presentation problem

Front 236

Causes of prolonged gestation are:

Back 236

a. Draft breeds
b. Mule crosses
c. Fescue

Front 237

sequela of dystocia in a mare

Back 237

a. Laminitis
b. Retained placenta
c. Metritis

Front 238

fatal problem in older mares

Back 238

ruptured middle uterine artery

Front 239

low calcium

Back 239

Eclampsia

Front 240

indications for induction on partuition in the mare

Back 240

a.Owner conventince
b.Prolonged gestation
c.Urterine atony
d.Periparturent colic
e.Impending prepubic tendon rupture
f.Problem mare (steps on foal)
g.Preparturent leakage of colostrum
h.Nurse mare – used for colostrum only

Front 241

guidelines for induction of partuition in the mare

Back 241

a.Foal is in correct PPP
b.Gestation over 320 days
c.Full mammary development
d.Cevix is dilated at least 3-4 findgers
e.DO NOT induce if the mare has a systemic dz, there is a foul smelling discharge, or will have an abortion

Front 242

DOC for induction of partuition in the mare

Back 242

Oxytocin

Front 243

watch for this during partuition in the mare

Back 243

‘red bag’ or premature placental separation

Front 244

Moldy sweet clover – contains

Back 244

dicurmarol which inhibits blood clotting

Front 245

botulism occurs with

Back 245

large round bales and ensilted forage w/ inadequate storage

Front 246

tall fescue toxicity

Back 246

N. coenophialum causes prolonged gestation, thickened placenta, abortion and agalacia

Front 247

red clover toxin and CS

Back 247

slaframine, slobbering (black spots on leaves and stems)

Front 248

blister beetle toxin and CS

Back 248

cantharidine, contaminate of alfalfa hay; causes D+, colic and synchronous diaphragmatic flutter

Front 249

problem with Corn grain mold: Fusarium moniliforma

Back 249

leukoencephalomalacia

Front 250

Corn and CSM

Back 250

aflotoxins w/ Aspergillus

Front 251

Ionophores

Back 251

Monensin and Lasaocid, mixing errors w/ cattle feed; D+, colitis and death

Front 252

can produce bilateral panophthalmitis in foals w/ pneumonia

Back 252

Rhodococcus equi

Front 253

exophthalmos and blindness from frontal sinus and retrobulbar inflammation

Back 253

Cryptococcus neoformans

Front 254

retrobulbar abscess and orbital cellulits and exophthalmos

Back 254

Steptococcus equi

Front 255

caused by infecton of adjacent paranasal and nasal sinus cavities or guttoral pouch inflammation

Back 255

Orbital cellulitis

Front 256

Habronemiasis or onchocerciasis cause this ocular prob

Back 256

Marginal blepharitis

Front 257

Moraxellaacute conjunctivits w/ ocular disharge and superficial keratitis

Back 257

pink eye

Front 258

EHV-2 causes

Back 258

keratoconjunctivits

Front 259

transmitted to conjunctival sac by Musca fly

Back 259

Thelazia lacrymalis

Front 260

Loss of corneal epithelium accompanied by stromal cellular infilatrates and stromal edema

Back 260

Infectious keratitis

Front 261

·Most frequent eye problem of the horse
·Group of diseases involving the inner coats of the eye

Back 261

Uveitis

Front 262

classic cause of uveitis

Back 262

Classic cause is Coliform or mycoplasma-associated omphalophlebitis, septicemia and infectious arthritis

Front 263

hyperreactivity to any exciting stimulus via prostaglandins

Back 263

recurrent uveitis

Front 264

Signs of recurrent uveitis:

Back 264

a.Hyperemia
b.Aqueous flare, keratic ppts, and synechia
c.Changes in the pupil

Front 265

Clostridial myositis

Back 265

Clostridial chauvoei, septicum and perfringens

Front 266

TX: Clostridial myositis

Back 266

PPG:
aggressive, high doses of PPG & wound drainage to induce an aerobic environment

Front 267

transmission of Clostridial myositis

Back 267

Direct inoculation or sporulation in muscle necrosis and anaerobic environment (severe wounds)

Front 268

CS of Clostridial myositis

Back 268

a.Life threatening situation
b.Fever, ADR, injected membranes
c.Signs of septic shock
d.Painful and edematous at site of infection

Front 269

Moderate to severe muscle contusion w/ susequent calcification

Back 269

Fibrotic myopathy (ossifying myositis)

Front 270

MC area for Fibrotic myopathy

Back 270

semitendiosus (and semimembranosus or biceps femoris)

Front 271

Show characteristic gait deficit at a walk with fibrotic myopathy

Back 271

protraction of the hindlimb followed by a brief period of retraction before the stance phase

Front 272

will palpate this with fibrotic myopathy

Back 272

Will palpate a firm, nonpainful mass at the musculotendinous junction

Front 273

fibrotic myopathy Does not improve w/

Back 273

local anesthesia or NSAIDs

Front 274

tx of acute fibrotic myopathy

Back 274

systemic and topical antiinflammatories

Front 275

tx of chronic fibrotic myopathy

Back 275

sx tx w/ semitendinosus tenotomy

Front 276

Most common muscle disorder of horses

Back 276

Exertional phabdomylolysis

Front 277

AKA tying up, Monday morning sickness

Back 277

Exertional phabdomylolysis

Front 278

causes of Exertional phabdomylolysis

Back 278

·Possible etiologies include electrolyte imbalances, hypothyroidism, Vit E/sel def
·Fillies and horses on high nutritional planes are most commonly affected
·Occur w/ exercise

Front 279

clin path with Exertional phabdomylolysis

Back 279

increased CK and AST

Front 280

Increased tissue pressure w/in an osteofascial compartment – compromising local circulation and function

Back 280

Compartment syndrome

Front 281

compartments syndrome most commonly caused by

Back 281

hypotension and poor positioning during anesthesia

Front 282

always check this part of placenta after birth

Back 282

· Always check placenta (chorioallantois) after a birth to ensure it is intact (can fill with water to check)

Front 283

Clinical signs of Retained Placenta:

Back 283

a.Toxic metritis
b.Septicemia
c.Toxemia
d.Laminitis
e.Death

Front 284

MC tx of retained placenta

Back 284

oxytocin

Front 285

other tx of retained placenta

Back 285

a.Oxytocin – most common and best tx
b.Fill chorioallantois w/ warm saline to stretch receptors and allow endogenous release of oxytocin
c.Sytemic and local Abs
d.Uterine lavage
e.Exercise
f.Prophylactic measures of laminitis (Banamine, pack feet)

Front 286

Chronic end stage renal disease causes anemia how?

Back 286

decrease in erythropoietin production

Front 287

causes Aplastic anemia and bone marrow depression, defect in blood forming organs or is idiopathic

Back 287

Estrogens (Estradiol, estrone, estriol, Zeranol, Diethylstilbestrol DES)

Front 288

how does Congenital methemoglobinemia cause anemia

Back 288

lack of methmoglobne reductase causing cyanosis b/c iron is not kept in reduced state

Front 289

how does Nitrate toxicity cause anemia

Back 289

– acquired methemoglobinemia causing cyanosis b/c iron is not kept in reduced state

Front 290

how does Benzocaine toxicity cause anemia

Back 290

acquired methemoglobinemia causing cyanosis b/c iron is not kept in reduced state

Front 291

how does Acetemenophen toxicity cause anemia

Back 291

overwelms hexose monophosphate pathway where glutathione reductase is needed to protect the RBC from oxidants (Heinz body formation – denatured Hb)

Front 292

other causes of anemia in horses

Back 292

·Thyroid hormones
·Pituitary hormones
·adrenocrotical hormones
·Hypothryodisim
·Hypoadrenocortisism – Addisons

Front 293

Variable flexion of fetlock at birth
May walk on dorsal surface

Back 293

Congenital fetlock flexural deformities

Front 294

MC area for Congenital fetlock flexural deformities

Back 294

forelimbs

Front 295

conservative tx for Congenital fetlock flexural deformities

Back 295

-Splints to force weight bearing on toe
– may correct in a few days
-Oxytetracycline
– binds Ca in the muscle
-Casts or splints may be dangerous

Front 296

surgical tx for Congenital fetlock flexural deformities

Back 296

-Inferior check ligament desmotomy
-Deep digital flexor tenotomy
-Superficial flexor tenotomy

Front 297

occurs with Acquired fetlock flexural deformities

Back 297

Normal at birth, then develops...
Club foot
Upright pastern
Knuckling fetlock

Front 298

causes of Acquired fetlock flexural deformities

Back 298

1. 2° to lamenessa. Foot abscess
b. OCD
c. Trauma
2. Improper nutrition Excess energy intake
b. Imbalance tendon to bone growth (grows too fast)

Front 299

Club foot at 5 months old due to:

Back 299

Growth at distal metacarpal physis
Deep flexor tendon – MCIII to P3 or Inferior check ligament

Front 300

Fetlock knuckling at 6-18 months old due to:

Back 300

Growth at distal radial physis
Superficial flexor tendon (P1 & P2)
-Radius to P1 & P2
-Superior check ligament

Front 301

Degrees of severity of Acquired fetlock flexural deformities

Back 301

Stage I – hoof < 90°
Stage II – hoof > 90°

Front 302

shoeing treatment for Club foot

Back 302

a.Shorten heel and extend toe
b.Reverse wedge shoe pad
c.Increase tension on deep flexor tendon

Front 303

shoeing treatment for Fetlock knuckling

Back 303

Elevate the heel
b.Wedge pad
c.Reduces tension on deep flexor tendon
d.Increases tension on SDF

Front 304

sx tx for Club foot

Back 304

inferior check ligament desmotomy

Front 305

origin and insertion for inferior check ligament

Back 305

Origin in palmar carpal fascia
Insertion is mide deep flexor tendon

Front 306

tx for Fetlock knuckling is

Back 306

Superior check ligament desmotomy

Front 307

origin and insertion of Superior check ligament

Back 307

Origin is caudal radius
Insertion is superificial flexor tendon

Front 308

salvage procedure: Acquired fetlock flexural deformities

Back 308

Superficial flexor tenotomy

Front 309

prognosis with club foot

Back 309

good

Front 310

prognosis with knuckling

Back 310

fair to guarded

Front 311

with this condition Newborns rock back on bulbs of heels so that sole of foot does not bear weight

Back 311

Flexor tendon weakness in foals

Front 312

Flexor tendon weakness in foals MC in which limbs

Back 312

hindlimbs

Front 313

tx for flexor tendon weakness

Back 313

1.Rasp heels to remove fulcrum
2.Extended heel glue shoe
3.Cast and other support is NOT INDICATED b/c foal hoof wall is very thin

Front 314

MC area for Angular limb deformities

Back 314

Most common in distal radial physis (metaphysis & epiphysis, not diaphysis)

Front 315

area for valgus? varus?

Back 315

Carpal valgus
Fetlock varus

Front 316

causes of angular limb deformities

Back 316

1.Premature birth – weak supporting structures or hypoplasia of carpal tarsal bones
2.Fetal malposition
3.Dysplasia
a.Epiphysis
b.Metaphysis – most common
c.Diaphysis
4.Trauma

Front 317

Weak collateral support

Back 317

-PE shows switching between varus and valgus deformity
-Easy to manipulate joints into correct position
-Rads show normal osseous structures

Front 318

Hypoplasia of carpal bones

Back 318

-Angular deformity
-First 2 weeks of life of limbs
-Cannot be straightened out w/ manipulation
-Rads show lack of carpal bone development
-Axis lines cross the joint

Front 319

Epiphyseal dysplasia

Back 319

-Angular deformity
-Defect cannot be corrected w/ manipulation
-2° to metaphyseal dysplasia or cupboidal bone hypoplasia
-Rads show abonormal shaped epiphysis and axis lines across the epiphysis

Front 320

Metaphyseal dysplasia

Back 320

-Most common cause of angular deformites
-Can not correct w/ manipulation
-Rads show axis lines cross the physis & widening and roughening of physis on convex side

Front 321

Weak collateral support tx

Back 321

Stall or small paddock turnout No external coaptaiton needed

Front 322

Hypoplasia of carpal bones tx

Back 322

-External stabilization w/:
a.Tube casts or splints
b.Wt bearing w/ foot exposed
c.Prevents flexor tendon laxity
d.Limbs are kept straight until cuboidal bones ossify
e.Fair prognosis if caught before bones start to collapse

Front 323

Epiphyseal tx

Back 323

-Tube cases if seen early enough
-Periosteal stripping
-Guarded prognosis

Front 324

Metaphyseal dysplasia tx

Back 324

-Medical tx
a.Confinement and time of 30 days in a small paddock
b.Usually considerable improvement
c.Splints and tube casts (not used anymore) to correct minor problems, labor intensive

Front 325

staples or screw and wire to slow growth on convex side, needs general anesthesia; is the most aggressive tx, can accomplish more changes in less time; hardware must come out when leg is straight

Back 325

Transphyseal bridging

Front 326

hemicircumferential transection and periosteal elevation on concave side of leg, easy to do in the field; no implant to remove

Back 326

Periosteal stripping –

Front 327

remove wedge of bone to correct angle after growth plate closure, rare

Back 327

Wedge osteotomy

Front 328

Glandular, lymphatic or endometrial atrophy

Back 328

Degenerative Uterine dz

Front 329

neoplastic ovarian diseases

Back 329

granulosa theca cell tumors, teratoma, adenocarcinomas

Front 330

Most common ovarian neoplasm

Back 330

granulosa theca cell tumors

Front 331

granulosa cell tumors produce

Back 331

testosterone causing masculine behavior

Front 332

appearance of granulosa cell tumors on ultrasound

Back 332

honey comb

Front 333

·Germ cell origin
·See bone, skin, teeth, cartilage and hair
·Contralateral ovary may be normal and so she may be ovulating normally
·MAY HAVE NORMAL FERTILITY

Back 333

teratoma

Front 334

·Nonsecretory
·Orginate from epithelial tissue and are located on surface of ovulatory fossa
·Wt loss, colic, recurring abdominal fluid

Back 334

Adenocarcinoma

Front 335

·Rarely pathological
·Common – may be confused w/ ovarian tumors
·Occurs w/ excessive amount of hemorrhage after ovulation
·Can have normal ovarian cyclic activity
·Will shrink over time

Back 335

Ovarian hematomas

Front 336

Sequela of FNA of ovarian cysts

Back 336

Ovarian abscesses

Front 337

Follicular and luteal cysts that are normally found in the bovine ...

Back 337

DO NOT exist in the horse

Front 338

Mares can have multiple preovulatory follicles, ovarian hematomas or prolonged estrus cystles during the breeding season, but are not

Back 338

true ‘cystic’ conditions

Front 339

normally a mare ovulate ____ follicle during each estrous cycle

Back 339

one

Front 340

If there is multiple ovulations, the mare should be bred....

Back 340

12-24 hours before the ovulation of the most promising follicle

Front 341

Most common cause of abortion in mares

Back 341

twinning

Front 342

prevention of twins

Back 342

pinching via U/S before day 35 (before establishment of endometrial cups)

Front 343

causes prolonged gestation, dystocia , thickened placentas, and agalactia

Back 343

fescue

Front 344

Needed from ovaries to maintain pregnancy for first 50 days of gestation

Back 344

progesterone

Front 345

Hydroallantois

Back 345

excessive accumulation of fluid in allantoic cavity

Front 346

Hydraamnios

Back 346

excessive accumulation of fluid in amniotic cavity is rare (one case reported)

Front 347

most common causing brain damage in foal

Back 347

Hydroallantois

Front 348

viral causes of abortion in mares

Back 348

a.Equine herpes virus
b.EVA – equine arteritis virus

Front 349

diseases causing decreased progesterone cause abortion such as..

Back 349

Glucocorticoid administration
babesiosis, colic, navicular dz, weaning a baby

Front 350

bacterial causes of abortion

Back 350

a.Leptospirosis – serovar pomona most commonly involved
b.Bacterial placentitis – transcervical, hematogenous, intrauterine

Front 351

mycotic causes of abortion in mares

Back 351

Aspergillus, Absidia, Mucor

Front 352

Inflammation disruption of suspensory ligament esp in TB & SB

Back 352

Suspensory desmitis

Front 353

MC sites for Suspensory desmitis

Back 353

Most common sites:
1.Proximal to sesamoids
2.Attachment to MCIII

Front 354

Suspensory desmitis caused by

Back 354

Caused by:
1.Trauma associated w/ exercise
2.Callous from enlarged splints

Front 355

CS of Suspensory desmitis

Back 355

Mild pain on palpation
Marked enlargment of ligament
Usually a lameness prior to injury

Front 356

tx for suspensory desmitis

Back 356

Conservative Tx same as above w/ Bowed tendons except longer healing timeSx tx is ligament splitting

Front 357

which flexor tendon is lacerated?
-toe up
-fetlock slightly dropped
-when toe is held down, fetlock is lose to normal

Back 357

DDF tendon

Front 358

which flexor tendon is lacerated?
-fetlock dropped in weight bearing
-toe is normal on ground

Back 358

SDF tendon

Front 359

which flexor tendon is lacerated?
-toe is raised
-fetlock on or close to ground
-when toe is held down, fetlock is close to the ground

Back 359

DDF & SDF tendon

Front 360

which flexor tendon is lacerated?
-toe is raised
-fetlock in on the ground
-when toe is held down, fetlock is on the ground

Back 360

Suspensory, DDF, SDF tendon

Front 361

mc area for Laceration of extensor tendons

Back 361

proximal dorsal cannon bone

Front 362

mc area in forelimb Laceration of extensor tendons

Back 362

common digital extensor tendon

Front 363

mc area in hindlimb Laceration of extensor tendons

Back 363

Long digital extensor tendon

Front 364

tx of forelimb Laceration of extensor tendons

Back 364

-Check for joint involvment by performing arthrocentesis away from the wound
-Debride
-BS Abs
-Appropriate bandaging and support
-External coaptation for 3-4 weeks

Front 365

tx of hindlimb Laceration of extensor tendons

Back 365

-Check for joint involvment by performing arthrocentesis away from the wound
-Debride
-BS Abs
-Appropriate bandaging and support
no external copitation

Front 366

can occur in young foals at pasture than have been ran until fatiqued

Back 366

Common digital extensor tendon rupture

Front 367

tx of Common digital extensor tendon rupture

Back 367

Stall rest for 2-3 weeks
Splinting of carpus
Sx NOT indicated
Lateral digital extensor tendon will take over fxn of common

Front 368

Caused by:
1.Too much work too young
2.Common injury in training horses (TB, QH)

Back 368

Bucked shins

Front 369

gait with Bucked shins

Back 369

Shortened anterior phase of stride

Front 370

leg affected with Bucked shins

Back 370

Inside leg more severely affected – left leg in TB

Front 371

Bucked shins rads show

Back 371

Show doral thickening of MCIII
Deep palpation of anterior MCIII will exhibit pain

Front 372

Medical tx
Bucked shins

Back 372

1.Rest for 60 days
2.Poultice
3.NSAIDs
4.Pin firing & blistering

Front 373

sx tx
Bucked shins

Back 373

1.For dorsal cortical fx
2.Bucked shin the 2nd time
3.Osteostixis- Drill holes into cortex of cannon bone-Multiple fxs- Cast recovery
4.Intracortical internal fixation – compression lag screw across fx
5.Stall confinement for 60 days/30 days of handwalking
6.Follow up rads in 60 days

Front 374

Epistaxis during intense exercise in racehorses and polo ponies (not endurance horses)

Back 374

EIPH – exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage

Front 375

what happens to cause EIPH

Back 375

Pulmonary capillary rupture when capillary blood pressure increases during strenuous exercise

Front 376

heart abnorm noted with EIPH

Back 376

Atrial fibrillation

Front 377

tx for EIPH

Back 377

Lasix
Rest?
Vit C?
Nitroglycerine?
Rest for 3-6 mos?
Change environ?Bronchodilators don’t work

Front 378

etiology of epm

Back 378

Sarcocystic neurona

Front 379

host for epm

Back 379

possum

Front 380

Signalment
epm

Back 380

Usually occurs in young (1-6 years) in eastern US

Front 381

cs of epm

Back 381

Multfocal, asymmetric, UMN & LMN dz
Can mimic any neurologic syndrome

Front 382

dx of epm

Back 382

1.Definitive dx only at necropsy
2.Serum Western blot – limited value
3.CSF Western blot or PCR – interpreted as meaning the horse has EPM, but horse may be normal

Front 383

tx of epm

Back 383

1.Folic acid inhibitors – sulfa + pyrimethamine – synergistic drugs for 1-3 months
2.Diclazuril – anticoccidial drug kills the organism
3.Nitrazonxanide (NTE)
4.Totrazarul
5.Ponazuril
6.Folic acid – b/c using folic acid inhibitors causes anemia and doesn’t affect efficacy of drugs
7.Strongid C – daily wormer
8.NSAIDs w/ DMSO and bute may be helpful

Front 384

Anatomy of horse esophagus is

Back 384

cranial 2/3 skeletal muscle

Front 385

4 layer of esophagus –

Back 385

adventitia
muscularis
submucosa
mucosa

Front 386

cs of choke

Back 386

Anxiety
Stretching of head & neck
Repeated swallowing
Food and water at nostrils

Front 387

tx choke

Back 387

Heavy sedation to drop head (xylazine, ace)
Water lavage w/ stomach tube and pump
If lavage doesn’t work, use general anesthesia w/ cuffed tube & oxytocin and sx remove
Ab for aspiration pneumonia
Esophagotomy for difficult obstructions or perforations – ID carotid and LRLN, incise next to obstruction, open healing, feed via stomach tube

Front 388

cs of gi ulcers

Back 388

a.Most are not apparent
b.Bruxism
c.Ptyalism
d.Inappetence
e.Colic signs – dorsal recumbency

Front 389

most common layer for ulcers in adult horses

Back 389

Nonglandular mucosal ulcers:
Squamous mucosa adjacent to the margo plicatus

Front 390

Ulcers are caused by:

Back 390

a.Secondary to D+
b.Seconarday to Pneumonia
c.NSAIDs use

Front 391

tx for ulcers

Back 391

H2 antagonist therapy

Front 392

layer of LPS is responsible for the pathophysiologic effects of endotoxin in mammals

Back 392

Lipid A,

Front 393

Endotoxemia - Septic shock

Back 393

a.C/V collapse
b.Inadequate perfusion to vital tissues
c.Ileus
d.Multisytem organ failure

Front 394

the component for the pathogenicity of Gram negative enterbacteria

Back 394

One of the cell walls of Gram-negative bacteria consists of LPS (lipopolysaccharid)

Front 395

Abnormal arytenoid cartilage function due to atropy of intrinsic muscles (dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle) of larynx b/c of the tortuous and unusual course of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve

Back 395

Laryngeal hemiplegia - Roarer

Front 396

cs w/ Laryngeal hemiplegia

Back 396

exercise intolerance or audible respiratory noise

Front 397

dx of

Back 397

endoscopic exam – evaluate larynx at rest and during strenuous exercise

Front 398

see on endoscope w/ LH

Back 398

a.There will be no artytenoid cartilage abduction
b.Slap test can assist in dx

Front 399

Normal Cardiac arrhythmias

Back 399

·P wave is normally split
·Wandering atrial pacemaker – P wave will look morphologically different each time; due to large SA node causing a shift in conduction
·QRS is predominantly negative
·T wave is extremely variable – most T wave changes have little significance
·Normal arrythmias:
a. 1° AV block
b. 2° AV block
c. Sinus arrhtyhmia

Front 400

·Tall spiked T wave
·Dimishished P wave and atrial standstill
·AV block
·Surpraventricular tachcardia

Back 400

Hyperkalemia

Front 401

·Speeding and slowing of heart w/ respiration
·High vagal tone and increased HR should abolish this arrhythmia

Back 401

Sinus Arrhythmia

Front 402

1° AV block

Back 402

·Conductio delay causing a prolonged P-R interval
·High vagal tone in the resting horses and not w/ cardiac pathology

Front 403

2° AV Block

Back 403

·Electrical activity is inermittently completely blocked at the AV node
·Common in horses
·NORMAL – homeostatic mechanism to control blood pressure
·Atropine or glycopyrollate can be used to R/O pathology in these horses b/c it will go away w/ parasympatholytic agents
·Mobitz type I – most common, w/ progressvely lengthening P-R interval in the beats preceding the block
·Mobitz type II w/ a fixed P-R interval is less common but also normal

Front 404

Most common clinically significant arrhythmia in the horse

Back 404

Atrial fibrillation

Front 405

Atrial fibrillation Characterized by

Back 405

wavy baseline known as ‘F’ waves

Front 406

tx Atrial fibrillation

Back 406

Quinidine

Front 407

Side effects of quinidine

Back 407

vasodilation and hypotension

Front 408

Advanced 2° or 3° AV block

Back 408

a.Atropine and glycopyrrolate – parasympathlytic (anticholinergics)
b.Dopamine – sypthomimetic
c.Na bicarb – hyperkalemia, insulin, and dextrose
d.Ca may have a cardioprotective effect in yperkalemia – Ca gluconate

Front 409

·No conduction through AV node; atrium and ventricles are completely dissociated
·Will see promenent jugular pulses

Back 409

3° AV block

Front 410

AV block is occurring for prolonged P-R periods or present at high heart rates

Back 410

Advanced 2° AV block

Front 411

P waves occur earlier than normal

Back 411

Atrial premature depolarizations (APDs)

Front 412

most rectal tears occur

Back 412

Most tear occur dorsally, apporx. 12 inches cranial to anus in pertoneal cavity

Front 413

4 grades of rectal tears

Back 413

Grade 1: mucosa and submucosa
Grade 2: muscular layer, intact mucosa
Grade 3: All tissue except serosa (3a) or mesorectum (3b)
Grade 4: all layers

Front 414

Immediate tx of rectal tears

Back 414

Sedate
Epidural
Atropine
Tamponage
Broad Abs,
NSAIDs
Refer immediately

Front 415

Tx of Grade 3 rectal tears

Back 415

Colostomy
Rectal liner
Suturing tear intrarectum
Empyting of colon via enterotomy and daily lavage of tear

Front 416

Empyema & Mycosis

Back 416

Accumulation of pus within the pouch cavity

Front 417

Empyema & Mycosis:Chronic sequella

Back 417

URT infections, esp Strangles (Strep.)

Front 418

cs w/ Empyema

Back 418

Mucopurulent discharge most evident when head is lowered
Unilateral
Non-odorous
Dyspnea and dysphagia from collapse of the nasopharynx
Chondroid – inspissated exudate, may cause outward distension

Front 419

dx of Empyema

Back 419

Endoscope or catheter placement will show stream of discharge from gp opening
X-ray will see fluid line

Front 420

tx of Empyema

Back 420

Daily irrigation w/ Isotonic saline through catheter
Feed & water on ground to establish drainage

Front 421

Guttural pouch Mycosis

Back 421

Fungal dz of gutteral pouch roof, can affect internal carotid

Front 422

cs gutteral pouch mycosis

Back 422

Epistasix not associated w/ exercise is most common sign by erosion of int carotid in medial compartment
Neuro signs:Dysphagia
Pain on deglutition
Parotid pain
Head tilt
Abnormal resp noise
Laryngeal hemiplegia
(R sided – rare)
Facial paralysis
Horner’s syndrome

Front 423

gutteral pouch mycosis
unilat or bilat

Back 423

unilat

Front 424

tx of gutteral pouch mycosis

Back 424

Amphotericin B
Itroconizole
Enilconazole
Sx ligation of internal carotid artery

Front 425

Reported in young horses (Standardbred and TWH)
Cause unknown – Mycobacteria paratuberculosis?
Often compared to Crohn’s dz in people

Back 425

Chronic D+/granulomatous enteritis

Front 426

Lesions involving the small intestine with Chronic D+/granulomatous enteritis

Back 426

Affected bowel is thickened w/ mononuclear cells
Villus atrophy common (malabsorption)PLE

Front 427

Loss of dopamine negative feedback causes Pars intermedia pituitary adenoma, causing excess cortisol production by adrenal cortex via Ý POMC, a precursor to ACTH and b-endorphin.

Back 427

Equine Cushings Dz

Front 428

increased Temp
what kind of colic?

Back 428

anterior enteritis, Colitis

Front 429

increased pulse
what kind of colic?

Back 429

Ischemia, obstruction, displacement

Front 430

increased gastric reflux
what kind of colic?

Back 430

anterior enteritis

Front 431

MC NSAIDS used in equine vet med

Back 431

a. Banamine
b. Phenylbutazone
c. Dipyrone
d. Ketoprofen

Front 432

MOA of NSAIDS

Back 432

· Inhibit cyclooxygenase enzyme-mediated production of eicosanoids form arachidonic acid in the cell membrane

Front 433

Side effects from NSAIDS

Back 433

a.GI ulceration
b.Protein loss
c.Abdominal pain
d.Endotoxemia
e.Ulceration of the right dorsal colon – phenylbutazone
f.Paplillary necrosis – renal toxicity from phenylbutazone

Front 434

Anti-ulcer meds
· H2 antagonists

Back 434

Cimetindine – Tagamet

Front 435

Anti-ulcer meds
· Proton pump inhibitors

Back 435

Omeprazole – Prolosec

Front 436

Anti-ulcer meds
· PGE2

Back 436

Misoprostol

Front 437

Anti-ulcer meds
Cytoprotective agents

Back 437

Sucrafalate

Front 438

H 2 Blocker MOA

Back 438

Blocks histamine stimulated gastric acid secretion

Front 439

ulcer tx

Back 439

Tagamet + antibiotic
if only use tagament:
Ulcers will come back after medication is stopped b/c H. pyloric bacteria

Front 440

Uses of H 2 Blocker

Back 440

gastric ulcer tx, chronic gastritis, reflux exophogitis, prophylactically prior to mast cell removal

Front 441

Examples of H2 Blockers

Back 441

Ranitidine (Zantac)
Fomotidine (Pepcid)
Nizatidine (Axid)
Cimetidine (Tagamet)

Front 442

MOA of proton pump inhib

Back 442

· Blocks ALL acid producers b/c blocks protone pump, blocks 100%, gastric acid is completely inhibited

Front 443

what is PGE1 used for?

Back 443

·Prevents NSAID-induced gastric ulcers

Front 444

DMSO MOA

Back 444

·Scavenge hydroxyl radicals generated by neutrophils during inflammation and reperfusion

Front 445

use DMSO to treat?

Back 445

·Tx endotoxemia and cerebral edema

Front 446

why no greater than a 10 percent solution should be administered at a relatively slow rate with DMSO

Back 446

Hemolysis

Front 447

Wear on teeth from cribbing is where?

Back 447

·Excessive wear on rostral margin of upper central incisors

Front 448

Dental bud is split during development, usually with incisors

Back 448

Supernumerary teeth

Front 449

brachygnathia, the upper jaw is longer than the lower jaw

Back 449

Parrot mouth

Front 450

prognathia, the lower jaw is longer than the upper jaw

Back 450

Sow mouth/monkey mouth

Front 451

·Maxilla is wider than the mandible
·Sharp edges on buccal of upper and lingual of lower

Back 451

Shear mouth

Front 452

aka for First premolar

Back 452

wolf tooth

Front 453

Removal of dental caps

Back 453

deciduous teeth of premolars that can impede the eruption of underlying permanent tooth

Front 454

Preanesthesia in a horse

Back 454

a.withold food for 12 hours (not water)
b.Mineral oil 6 hours before sx
c.Atropine or Isoproterenol only when anesthesia used will induce bradycardia (atropine will cause ileus)
d.Sedate with Xylazine or Detomidine

Front 455

Anesthesia in a horse

Back 455

a.Induction agents – GG, Thiopental, Ketamine, Telazol, Profofol
b.Inhalation – Halothane (more potent and more lipid soluble, but more myocardial depression), Isoflurane (peripheral vasodilation), Sevoflurane

Front 456

Blood pressure during anesthesia

Back 456

ideal MAP is 60-90

Front 457

Apnea: anesthesia complication

Back 457

·Early induction period of anesthetic b/c high plasma protein concentration
·Too deep anesthesia
·Doxapram can be used as a respiratory stimulant that also initiates relase of endogenous epinephrine and causes an inr HR and BP

Front 458

When does hypoxemia occur?

Back 458

Is when PaO2 is less than 60 (should be > 90)

Front 459

what do you treat hypoxemia with?

Back 459

a.Dobutamie infusion – increases oxygen delivery to tissue
b.Clenbuterol - b2 agonist
c.minimizing time in dorsal recumbency

Front 460

Neuropathies during surgeries caused by

Back 460

a.improper positioning during anesthesia
b.malignant hyperthermia
c.prolonged sx
d.excessive anesthetic depth
e.low PaO2, ß BP or acidosis

Front 461

Neuropathies during surgeries prevented by

Back 461

a.maintaining light anesthesia and c/v fxns
b.avoid excessed preanesthetic especially phenothiazines
c.Adequate padding
d.Support of upper front and hind legs
e.Balanced electrolytes and Ca gluconate (maintain muscle contraction)
f.Dobutamine, dopamine or ephedrine to maintain adequate BP
g.Don’t put horse under until surgeon is ready
h.Dantrolene – muscle relaxation
i.Diazepam – muscle relaxation
j.Na bicarb – correct metabolic acidosis

Front 462

what can be used for standing sedation in horses?

Back 462

·ace + (Xylazine &/or Butorphanol, Meperidine, Pentazocine &/or xylazine)
·Xylazine + (Butorphanol, Pentazocine)
·Detomidine + Butorphanol

Front 463

Intercoccygeal Epidural

Back 463

·Lidocaine (5-10 mL) –fast & short
·Xylazine in saline – slow & long
·Lidocaine + Xylazine w/ saline – fast and long

Front 464

Lumbosacral or suarachnoid epidural

Back 464

·Detomidine in saline &/or morphine
·Butorphanol + lidocaine

Front 465

Injectable anesthetics

Back 465

·Thiopental – long, rough recovery
·GG/Thiopental – better muscle relaxation, poor analgesia
·Xylazine/Ketamine – (xylazine 5 min before ketamine), smooth induction and recovery, inadequate muscle relaxation
·xylazine/Ketamine/Butorphanol – give w/ xylazine, improved analgesia
·Xylazine/Ketamine/Diazepam – improved muscle relaxation
·GG/Xylazine/Ketamine – narcosis, analgesia & muscle relaxation, smooth recovery, reverse w/ yohimbine, tolazoline, atipamezole
·Detomidine/Ketamine – recovery depends on duration of anesthesia
·GG/Detomidine/Ketamine – same as triple drip above, but recovery slightly longer
·Xylazine/Telazol – relatively smooth recovery & may require more than one attempt
·Detomidine/Telazol – same as above
·Propofol – short term, rapid redistribution and hepatic metabolism
·Profofol/GG – lasts longer

Front 466

why vasoconstriction with laminitis

Back 466

increased cortisol, incr. catecholamine vasoactivity and insulin antagonism, coritsol ties up insulin receptors needed for vasodilation, causing chronic vasoconstriction

Front 467

ADH antagonism from excess cortisol or decr ADH secretion from posterior pituitary due to expansion of intermediate lube into posterior pituitary

Back 467

Diabetes Insipidus

Front 468

initiating insulin insensitivity

Back 468

Diabetes Mellitus

Front 469

behavior change in older horses can be caused by...

Back 469

beta endorphin in CSF

Front 470

cause of hirutism

Back 470

thermo dysfxn by tumor pressure on hypothalamus, or incr androgens by adrenal cortex

Front 471

TOC for Equine Cushings

Back 471

TRH stim –
CD have incr cortisol w/ TRH

Front 472

DOC for Equine Cushings

Back 472

Dopamine agonist (Pergolide medylate)

Front 473

autosomal recessive microdeletion of 5 basepairs of DNA-PKcs in Arabian foals
Cell receptors on T cells and Ig on B cells don’t mature
Signs are pneumonia and profound lymphopenia
ß IgG even with colostrum intake at 100 days old
Hypoplasia of all lymphoid tissue

Back 473

Equine CIDs (SCIDs)

Front 474

Fairly severe colic signs followed by depression and mild pain

Back 474

Anterior Enteritis

Front 475

seen with Anterior Enteritis

Back 475

NG reflux (orange brown)
Tap has high protein and low WBC
Tap is yellow serosanguinousDepression, fever
Rectal multiple loops of SI, thickness of wall on U/S

Front 476

Potomac horse fever aka

Back 476

Equine monocytic ehrlishiosis

Front 477

Potomac horse fever etiology

Back 477

Ehrlichia risticii

Front 478

CS with Potomac horse fever

Back 478

Fever, leukopenia, explosive D+

Front 479

Vax protocol for Potomac horse fever

Back 479

Two vaccinations 3-4 weeks apart in spring followed by a booster in the fall in high risk areas

Front 480

Most common form of thoracic tumor

Back 480

Lymphosarcoma

Front 481

CS with lymphosarcoma

Back 481

Clinical signs are inappetance, wt loss, vetral edema, dyspnea, pleural effusion and distension of jugular veins
Coughing when mediastinal mass was compressing the major bronchi and trachea

Front 482

What signs will the horse show w/ peritonitis?

Back 482

Colic
Brick red MM

Front 483

What is the bloodwork like of a horse w/ peritonitis?

Back 483

Acidotic – accumulation of lactic acid
Increased Fibrinogen
Leukopenia w/ L shift

Front 484

What does the tap fluid look like with peritonitis?

Back 484

Huge buffy coat
Bright, cloudy yellow
Acute – segs
Chronic MÆ
Sepsis – degenerative segs

Front 485

What is the tx of peritonitis?

Back 485

Banamine for analgesia
Correct fluid, protein, C/V, electrolytes to tx endotoxic shock
Usually can’t wait for blood culture, so give broad spectrum Ab (Penicillin, Gentamycin, Metranidazole)
Only do lavage if not responding to Ab
Warn owners this is a long term therapy

Front 486

Who are most likely to get uroperitoneum

Back 486

colts

Front 487

What is the tap look like in uroperitoneum

Back 487

CREA will be twice that of blood

Front 488

What are PE findings and bloodwork of uroperitoneum

Back 488

Distension of ventral abdomen
Electrolytes change, decr Na, incr K
Could have cardiac arrythmia

Front 489

What is the tx of uroperitoneum

Back 489

Give NaCl & glucose
If ECG is abnormal, give bolus of glucose
Drain abdomen before surgery

Front 490

prevents erection in stallion

Back 490

Stallion ring scar

Front 491

Abscesses could indicate what in a stallion

Back 491

bastard strangles (strep)

Front 492

eval penis on stallion BSE for....

Back 492

scars, adhesions, lacerations, Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Sarcoids, Cutaneous habronema, & melanoma

Front 493

history of little ejaculate or loose heads

Back 493

have impaction of ampulla

Front 494

tx of impaction of ampulla

Back 494

Tx is to milk ampulla toward urethra, strip and repeat ejaculate

Front 495

location of the epididymus in the stallion

Back 495

dorsomedial side of testicle

Front 496

how do testicles lay in a horse?
in a bull?

Back 496

horizontal in a horse

vertical in a bull

Front 497

to evaluate sperm in a stallion...

Back 497

Collect twice, one hour apart. Evaluate 2nd ejaculate.

Front 498

daily sperm output

Back 498

collect for 5-7 days, 3 days that are the same in a row

Front 499

to get a mare pregnant...

Back 499

begin on 2nd day of estrus and breed every other day

Front 500

to get a mare pregnant should have ____ progressively motile sperm

Back 500

Need 500 x 106 progressively motile sperm

Front 501

morphologically normal sperm?

Back 501

Should have 75% morphologically normal sperm

Front 502

3 cultures taken from stallion

Back 502

1.Sinus of urethra
2.Urethral opening both pre and post ejaculate (especially in aged stallions)- Pseudomonas aeroginosus- CEM – cutaneous equine metritris in chocolate agar

Front 503

Inflammation of blood vessels

Back 503

Peripheral vascular dz – vasculitis

Front 504

causes of vasculitis

Back 504

a.EIAv
b.Equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis
c.Equine viral arteritis
d.Purpura hemorrhagica – immune mediated cutaneous vasculaitis; involved w/ Steptococcus, influenza, or EHV; febrile, ventral edema

Front 505

Toxin secreted by Clostridium tetani in soil heavily contaminated w/ feces

Back 505

tetanus

Front 506

incubation for tetanus

Back 506

2-4 weeks

Front 507

3 Toxins secreted by Clostridium tetani

Back 507

1.Tetanolysin – increases tissue necrosis
2.Tetanospasmin – binds to nerves & inhibits the inhibitory interneurons in ventral horn of spinal cord
3.Nonspasmogenic toxin overstimulation of sympathetic nervous system

Front 508

CS of tetanus

Back 508

Prolapse of 3rd eyelid (DDx HYPP)
Stiff gait initially
Sawhorse stance
Flared nostrils, lips retraced, erect ears (Sardonic expression)

Front 509

Tx of tetanus

Back 509

Non sitmulating environment – dark stall, ears plugged w/ mineral oil soaked cotton
Sedate w/ Ace at 4-6 hour intervals
Sedate w/ Chloral hydrate, valuim, sodium pentobarbital
Muscle relaxantes in combo w/ sedatives – GG IV drip, Methocarbamol
Slings or deep bedding
Penicillin to tx originating wound infection
Antitoxin at high doses
Parenteral nutrition and IV electrolytes

Front 510

prognosis for tetanus

Back 510

Good if:
1. Horse can drink
2. Remain standing
3. Survive more than one week

Front 511

is the vax for tetanus against the organism or the toxin?

Back 511

the toxin

Front 512

tetnus antitoxin can cause this liver dz

Back 512

highly fatal liver dz called Theiler’s dz

Front 513

avoid using tetnus antitoxin if

Back 513

vaccinated or older than 2

Front 514

Cervical Vertebral stenosis/malformation/malarticulation

Back 514

aka wobblers

Front 515

cervical vertebral instability (dynamic) at C3-4 in weanlings

Back 515

1. CVI

Front 516

CSS

Back 516

cervical static stenosis at C5-6 in older horses

Front 517

Vertebral instability with wobblers leads to...

Back 517

soft tissue (muscle and ligament) hypertrophy causing spinal cord compression

Front 518

causes of wobblers

Back 518

a.overfeeding
b.diet imbalances esp of Ca Ph, Co & Zn
c.osteochondrosis involving the epiphyseal plate or articular process
d.heredity – but osteochondrosisi is an inherited condition, and wobblers is a form of osteochondrosis)

Front 519

common signalment for wobblers

Back 519

Young TB or TWH males when training begins

Front 520

most obvious gait abnorm with wobblers

Back 520

in hindlimbs

Front 521

tx for wobblers is usually

Back 521

euthanasia

Front 522

most common equine arbovirus and most mild

Back 522

WEE

Front 523

reportable EE

100% mortality

Back 523

EEE

Front 524

% mortality with VEE

Back 524

60%

Front 525

transmission of EE

Back 525

Reservoir – birds and small mammals (VEE)
Vector – very specific spp. Of mosquitos

Front 526

highest incidence of EE in what months?

Back 526

Highest incidence in August and September – important for vaccination schedule

Front 527

pathology seen with EE

Back 527

CSF pleocytosis of small mononuclear cells w/ a slight increase in protein (esp in WNV)
Gross lesions of edema &hemorrhage w/ EEE

Front 528

CS with EE

Back 528

altered consciousness
CN dysfxn
Ataxia
Fever

Front 529

Dx of EE

Back 529

Viral isolation from cold brain
High titer

Front 530

Ddx with EE

Back 530

Moldy corn
Rabies
EPM
Trauma

Front 531

Tx EE

Back 531

Good nursing care – NSAIDs, IV DMSO; seizure meds; forced feeding
Dex is controversial in viral dzs but ma decrease viral inflammation

Front 532

Zoonosis of EE

Back 532

Horse is dead end host for EEE and WEE
Horses act as sentinels for humans
VEE horse is NOT dead end host

Front 533

etiology of lyme's disease

Back 533

Borrelia burgdorfere (a spirochette)

Front 534

vector for lymes disease

Back 534

Ixodes scapularis (deer tick)

Front 535

CS for lymes disease

Back 535

Fever
Anorexia
Intermittent (shifting leg) lameness

Front 536

seen with stage I lymes dz

Back 536

Erythema chronicum migrans (ECM) rash
Flu-like symptoms Fatique
Fever/chills
Headache

Front 537

seen with stage II lymes dz

Back 537

Neurological signs
Cardiac signs (AV block)Arthritis

Front 538

seen with stage III lymes dz

Back 538

CNS signs
Chronic arthritis

Front 539

tx for lymes dz

Back 539

Tetracycline

Front 540

MC tick born dz in US

Back 540

Lymes dz

Front 541

most common pemphigus in the horse

Back 541

Pemphigous folliaceous

Front 542

Where does pemphigous folliaceous occur?

Back 542

In below the stratum corneum (subcorneal) or in the stratum granulosum (intragranular) of epidermis

Front 543

first CS with Pemphigous folliaceous

Back 543

Depigmentation, Pustules, crusts or erosions On face and ears (periocularly and around the mouth) Fever/anorexia in cat & horse

Front 544

second CS seen with Pemphigous folliaceous

Back 544

Generalized seborrhea
Coalescing papules
Folliculitis

Front 545

third CS seen with Pemphigous folliaceous

Back 545

Footpad Hyperkeratosis

Front 546

what do you see on cytology/impression smear with pemphigus folliacus

Back 546

Neutrophils & acantholytic cells with possible eosinophils – but not dx

Front 547

ANA test with pemphigus folliacus
pos or neg

Back 547

Negative

Front 548

seen on skin biopsy with pemphigus folliacus

Back 548

Most Dx
Subcorneal or intragranular pustular dermatitis with acantholytic cells

Front 549

seen on direct EF with pemphigus folliacus

Back 549

Intercellular staining within the epidermis(looks like a fishnet)

Front 550

Seizures: abnorm motor or sensory impairment

Back 550

motor

Front 551

seizures due to...

Back 551

Episodes of impariment or loss of consciousness or abnormal motor impariment due to paroxysmal cerebral dysrhythmia

Front 552

extracranial causes of seizures...

Back 552

1. hypoglycemia
2. hyperglycemia
3. renal disease
4. hyperlipidemia
5. hyperkalemia
6. hypocalcemia
7. hyperthermia
8. infectious agents
9. toxicosis
10. neoplasia
11. hydrocephalus
12. cardiac arrhythmias

Front 553

see with lactation tetany (hypocalcemai)

Back 553

see violent respirations w/ thumps, muscle fibrillation, tetanic convulsions

Front 554

see hyperkalemia with...

Back 554

HYPP, ruptured bladder in foal

Front 555

see hyperlipidemia in...

Back 555

stressed ponies & minis

Front 556

hyperthermia causes...

Back 556

swelling of the brain

Front 557

infectious agents causing seizures

Back 557

tetanus; botulism

Front 558

toxicosis causing seizures

Back 558

Strychnine, lead, arsenic, organophosphates

Front 559

neoplasia causing seizures

Back 559

a.Pituitary adenoma – uncommon cause of seizures
b.LSA
c.Cholesteatoma – cholesterol granuloma plugs up ventricle causing blindness b/c pressure on optic chiasm

Front 560

Intracranial causes of seizures...

Back 560

1. viruses
2. bacterial meningitis
3. cerebral abcesses
4. verminous encephalitis
5. EPM
6. Fungal encephalitis
7. head trauma
8. vascular accidents
9. idiopathic epilepsy

Front 561

viruses that cause intracranial causes of seizures

Back 561

Togaviruses (EEE, WEE, VEE), rabies

Front 562

seen with bacterial meningitis

Back 562

foals, uveitis, incr fibrinogen, incr WBC, discolored iris, pus in anterior chamber

Front 563

cause of Cerebral abscesses

Back 563

strangles or trauma

Front 564

tx Verminous encephalitis with?

Back 564

larvacidal anthelmintis

Front 565

common cause of seizures

Back 565

head trauma

Front 566

vascular accident causing intracranial cause of seizure

Back 566

Neonatal Maladjusment Syndrome – hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy due to dystocia; ‘dummy foal’

Front 567

tx Idiopathic epilepsy with

Back 567

tx w/ Phenobarbital or Diphenylhydantoin

Front 568

idiopathic epilepsy in arab foals...

Back 568

Egyptian lineage, self limiting; tx for acute seizures w/ Valium

Front 569

most common botulism

Back 569

Clostridium botulinum Type B

Front 570

route of infection with botulism

Back 570

1.Ingestion – preformed toxin in forage/silage, usually type C & D
2.Wound – rare
3.Toxicoinfectious – ‘Shaker Foal Syndrome’; spores ingested, cause gastric ulcers

Front 571

pathogenesis of botulism

Back 571

Toxin binds to neuromuscular jxns causing pralysisi of cholinergic nerve fibers by blocking release of Ach

Front 572

CS with botulism

Back 572

Afebrile progressive muscular paralysis
Weakness, restlessness, incoordination
Inability to rise, shaking as rising (‘shaker foal’)
Sternal recumbancy w/ head at flanks
Dysphagia often first sign
Decreased tongue and tail tone

Front 573

DX of botulism

Back 573

Toxin in feces, serum or tissue
Tentative dx by finding toxin in feed

Front 574

Tx of botulism

Back 574

1.Antiserum – from Upenn, very expensive
2.Restrict movement
3.Ventilation and O2 tx
4.Abs – avoid ones that potentiate neuromuscular weakness – Ags, Tetracycline, & procaine penicillin
5.IV penicillin is recommended
6.DON’T use metranidazole
7.Avoid edpson salt
8.DON’T use parasympathomimetic drugs (Neostimine) b/c may increase mortality

Front 575

prevention of botulism

Back 575

Vaccinate pregnant mares during last part of pregnancy to prevent shaker foals

Front 576

tx with spinal cord trauma

Back 576

1.Corticosteroids or NSAIDs – Solu-delta cortef is very helpful in tx of human spinal trauma victims
2.Very high DMSO
3.Mannitol – expensive – may cause brain edema via hypertonicity
4.Bute
5.Sx tx – initial decompression or later decompression after callus formation
6.Euthanasia – if paralysis

Front 577

MC spinal cord trauma area

Back 577

C1-C2 broken dens most common

Front 578

common history with spinal cord trauma

Back 578

Peracute onset & nonprogressive
Signs depend on level of injury (T2-S2 involve hind limbs only)

Front 579

General Overall Vaccination Schedule

Back 579

Give all vaccines initally at 2 injections 4 weeks apart and then booster annually

Front 580

Encephalities & PHF
how often do you booster?

Back 580

booster twice a year

Front 581

EHV-1
how often do you booster?

Back 581

booster every 3 months

Front 582

Rabies
how often do you booster?

Back 582

needs only one initial shot

Front 583

Strangles
how often do you booster?

Back 583

initially give 3 injections at 3 week intervals, foals at 1 year old, and then no annual booster is necessary

Front 584

General Overall Vaccination Schedule

Back 584

Give all vaccines initally at 2 injections 4 weeks apart and then booster annually

Front 585

Encephalities & PHF
how often do you booster?

Back 585

booster twice a year

Front 586

EHV-1
how often do you booster?

Back 586

booster every 3 months

Front 587

Rabies
how often do you booster?

Back 587

needs only one initial shot

Front 588

Strangles
how often do you booster?

Back 588

initially give 3 injections at 3 week intervals, foals at 1 year old, and then no annual booster is necessary

Front 589

Gram positive spore forming anaerobic bacteria

Back 589

Tetanus

Front 590

Pathogen of Tetanus

Back 590

Extensive tissue damage or deep penetrating wound causes exotoxins to travel w/in the motor neurons to the CNS where it inhibits postsynaptic inhibitory impulses in the spinal cord

Front 591

CS with tetanus

Back 591

‘lockjaw’ – tonic spasms and hyperesthesia; sawhorse stance

Front 592

Vax protocol: tetanus
Foal in high risk area

Back 592

give antitoxin after birth and then give toxoid every 2-3 months until 3 months old

Front 593

Vax protocol:tetanus
foal

Back 593

vaccinate w/ antitoxin at 5-8 weeks old and then booster at 3 months old

Front 594

Vax protocol:tetanus
Mare

Back 594

during last 4-6 weeks before birth

Front 595

Vax protocol: tetanus
Adults

Back 595

give toxoid annually

Front 596

Vax protocol: tetanus
Adults w/ extensive wound or deep penetrating wound that is up to date on tetanus shot

Back 596

another injection of toxoid to increase Ab

Front 597

Vax protocol: tetanus
Adults w/ wounds that is NOT up to date on tetanus

Back 597

1500 IU of antitoxin and toxoid simultaneously in different IM arease and repeated in 30 days

Front 598

associated w/ administering antitoxin in horses over 2 years old; hepatic failure (heptoencephalopathy)

Back 598

· Theilers disease

Front 599

Sleeping sicknesses

Back 599

Viral Equine Encepthalopathies

Front 600

etiology
· EEE, WEE, VEE

Back 600

arbovirus

Front 601

EEE, WEE, VEE transmitted by

Back 601

transmitted by hematophgous insects (mosquitos)

Front 602

dead end host for EEE, WEE, VEE

Back 602

horse

Front 603

highest mortality rate of Viral Equine Encepthalopathies

Back 603

EEE

Front 604

Vaccination protocol for EEE, WEE, VEE:
foal

Back 604

give between 2-6 months old at 4-6 week intervals

Front 605

Vaccination protocol for EEE, WEE, VEE:
adult

Back 605

booster twice a year in endemic areas

Front 606

Common in racetracks, show grounds, sale barns and breeding farms

Back 606

Influenza

Front 607

Vaccination protocol:
Influenza

Back 607

a. Foals and adults should be boostered every 3-4 months with IN (intranasal)
b. Booster 2-4 weeks before anticipated exposure (show, sale)
c. Avoid vaccinating w/in 10 days of competitiion b/c vaccine may cause transient disease

Front 608

3 syndromes with EHV-1

Back 608

a.Abortion – vasculitis causes placental detachment and hypoxia to the fetus
b.Respiratory
c.Neurological – rectal incontinence, urinary incontinence, loss of tail tone, dog sitting, posterior paralysis

Front 609

most common cause of respiratory dz outbreaks in horses in KY

Back 609

· EHV-4

Front 610

· Causes a vasculitis via the leukocytes – can remain latent

Back 610

EHV-1

Front 611

EHV-1 is spread how

Back 611

· Spread via nasal secretions and aborted fetuses and remains active in environment for 14 days in on horse hairs for 42 days

Front 612

EHV-1 Vax: labeled for use in pregnant mares at 5,7, and 9 months gestation

Back 612

Killed - Pneumobort

Front 613

Recovering EHV horses quarantine for how long?

Back 613

4 wks

Front 614

is it neccessary to vaccinate non-pregnant horses for EHV-1?

Back 614

only if they are close to broodmares
vax every 3-6 mon

Front 615

when to vax horse against rabies?

Back 615

only in endemic areas

Front 616

Causes behavior change from aggressiveness to depression; colic, lameness may be complaint

Back 616

Rabies

Front 617

vax protocol: rabies:
for foal

Back 617

3 months of age, one shot

Front 618

vax protocol: rabies:
for adult

Back 618

annually w/ 2 mL IM w/ killed

Front 619

type of paralysis with rabies

Back 619

Causes progressive ascending paralysis

Front 620

etiology of strangles

Back 620

Streptococcus equi spp equi

Front 621

type of strep with strangles

Back 621

beta hemolytic

Front 622

Clinical findings with strangles

Back 622

· Fever, thick mucopurulent nasal discharge, swelling and absessation of head LNs

Front 623

how long can recovered horses spread strangles

Back 623

· Recovered horses can spread for up to 4 months

Front 624

Vaccination protocol for strangles for foals only on endemic farms with IN (intranasal)

Back 624

a. M protein or bacterin – 3 doses 3 weeks apart then at 1 years old
b. Enzyme extract – 2 injections 3 weeks apart then at 1 years old

Front 625

can develop after vaccination of horses previously sensitized to streptococcual antigens

Back 625

Purpura hemorrhagica (edema)

Front 626

why don't vax adult horse for strangles?

Back 626

risk of Purpura hemorrhagica (edema)

Front 627

vax protocol for PHF

Back 627

Two vaccinations 3-4 weeks apart in spring followed by a booster in the fall in high risk areas

Front 628

etiology of EVA

Back 628

togavirus

Front 629

transmission of EVA

Back 629

Aerosol transmission of nasal secretions and venereally through infected semen

Front 630

CS with EVA

Back 630

Edema – scrotal, preputial, hindlimb, nasal and ocular discharge, and abortion

Front 631

vax protocol with EVA

Back 631

a.Vaccinate Seronegative mares 3 weeks before being bred to a positive stallion w/ attenuated live virus
b.Vaccinated horses are then seropositive and subject to export restrictions

Front 632

Shaker foal syndrome etiology

Back 632

Clostridium botulinum

Front 633

pathophys of Botulism

Back 633

Germinate in ulcerated areas of GI tract and produce exotoxins that block Ach release at neuromuscular jxns

Front 634

CS of Botulism

Back 634

· Signs are foals that tremble and become paretic, may cause respiratory paralysis

Front 635

vax protocol for botulism

Back 635

a. Mares – 3 times every month w/ last dose 4 weeks before parturition
b. Foals are protected by ingesting colostrum

Front 636

etiology of anthrax

Back 636

· Bacillus anthracis

Front 637

edema with anthrax

Back 637

· Ventral edema – die w/in 2-4 days

Front 638

vax protocol with anthrax

Back 638

a.Avirulent noncapsulated spore vaccine on annual basis in endemic arease and face of outbreak to reduce losses
b.Vacicnate 4 weeks before warm, dry summer months and the booster 3 weeks later
c.Given SQ
d.Do not give Ab after vaccination

Front 639

etiology of ascarids in horses

Back 639

Parascaris equorum

Front 640

where do they hatch and develop

Back 640

Hatch in small intestins and migrate through liver then to the lungs (coughed and swallowed) and then develop in smallintestines

Front 641

CS with ascarids

Back 641

Pot belly, respiratory signs

Front 642

can ascarids cause colic?

Back 642

yes it is an Ascarid-induced colic when they cause an impaction

Front 643

deworming foals for ascarids

Back 643

· Start foals at 2 months old, then worm every 2 months
· If heavy burden is expected, use slow-acting compounds to prevent intestinal obstruction or rupture

Front 644

Most pathogenic of all endoparasites

Back 644

Large and small strongyles

Front 645

which is most damaging Strongyle?

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Large (Strongylus vulgaris)

Front 646

why?

Back 646

b/c L migrate extensively through intestine vasculature – their prevelence has almost been eliminated b/c of anthelmintics

Front 647

what CS do small strongyles cause?

Back 647

cause Wt loss, D+ and colic

Front 648

life cycle of small strongyle

Back 648

a. ingestion of L3 on grass, develop into adult in the cecum and colon.
b. Molt from EL3 à LL3 à L4 in mucose and submucosa of cecum and colon forming a fibrous cyst for 30-60 days
c. L4 emerge (can take up to 2.5 years) causes an intense inflammatory reaction
d. This is called Larvae Cyathostomiasis – chronic D+, severe wt loss, protein losing enteropathy

Front 649

have developed a resistance to benzimidazole wormers

Back 649

Cyathostomes

Front 650

tx for strongyles

Back 650

Moxidectin (Quest)

Front 651

what stage of strongyles does moxidectin kill?

Back 651

LL3 and L4 w/ a single dose

Front 652

another tx for strongyles that will get 90% of EL3

Back 652

Double dose of Fendbendazole (Panacur) for 5

Front 653

etiology of bots

Back 653

Gastrophilus fly larva

Front 654

where do bots live in the horse?

Back 654

· Inhabit stomach and large intestine

Front 655

how horse infected with bots

Back 655

· Adult flies lay eggs (nits) on horse hair
· Horse licks the eggs and they hatch and burrow in horse’s tongue, then migrate to the stomach and attach to the epithelium for several months

Front 656

tx of bots

Back 656

· Ivermectin effectively removes bots
· Give 1 month after nits are seen on horses legs and repeat after the last frost kills the adult flies

Front 657

D+ and unthriftiness in suckling foals

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Strongyloids westeri

Front 658

transmission of Strongyloids westeri

Back 658

via mare’s milk

Front 659

when to treat for Strongyloids westeri

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· Tx mares 12 ours after birth
· Foals at 3 weeks old

Front 660

· Adult females create perineal irritation while laying eggs around anus
· Affected horses lose hair form the tail and rump during scratching attempts

Back 660

pinworms

Front 661

tapeworms of horse

Back 661

Anoplocephala maga and perfoliata

Front 662

intermediate host for horse tapeworm

Back 662

mite

Front 663

how horse infected with tapeworms?

Back 663

· Horse ingests mite and tapeworm emerge and attached to mucosa in distal small intestine and proximal large intestine
· Grow to egg-laying adults in intestine

Front 664

type of floatation to dx tapeworms?

Back 664

· Sedimentation techniques are more reliable than floatation b/c ova do not easily rise in solution

Front 665

tx for tapeworms in horses?

Back 665

Strongid (Pyrantel pamoate) at high doses is very effective

Front 666

how to "clean pastures" for parasite control?

Back 666

physical removal of feces one to two times a week

Front 667

rotation: parasite control

Back 667

a. Slow rotation – use only one class of drugs over one year; reduces chance of resistance in small strongyles
b. Fast rotation – alternating different classes of wormers w/in one year

Front 668

when to worm?

Back 668

a. Worm when egg producing adult strogyles peak
b. North – spring and early summer and a botacide in the fall after a frost
c. Cannot seasonally worm in the south b/c the climate favor prolonged periods of strongyle transmission
d. Young horses (< 1 ½ years old) should be wormed in fixed intervals for ascarid control

Front 669

acessment of deworming program?

Back 669

a. Assess 2 weeks after deworming via fecal floatation
b. < 10 % of herd should have ova – if more could have a resistance problem, or did not deworm properly
c. If failure is detected, then use a modified McMaster or Wisconsin technique to assess
d. Strongyle should be < 100 eggs/gram

Front 670

how long should you test after deworming?

Back 670

2 wks

Front 671

strongyles should be under ___eggs per gram

Back 671

100

Front 672

Excessive Flexion on Hindlimbs

Back 672

Stringhalt

Front 673

dropped elbow: which nerve is damaged?

Back 673

Radial N Paralysis

Front 674

where is the pain seen on hoof testers with laminitis?

Back 674

sole

Front 675

Gait of horse with laminitis

Back 675

short strides
place feet down quickly

Front 676

Etiology of Thrush

Back 676

Fusobacterium necrophorum

Front 677

Obel Grade 1

Back 677

Foot Discomfort without pain
A short, stilted gait at a trot
No lameness

Front 678

Obel Grade 2

Back 678

Some discomfort and lameness as seen by a stilted gait at the walk
Forefeet are lifted without difficulty

Front 679

Obel Grade 3

Back 679

Reluctance to move
Resists lifting of forefeet

Front 680

Obel Grade 4

Back 680

Horse does not move his feet without being forced

Front 681

Lamintis can be a sequele to these diseases

Back 681

Endometritis
Salmonella
Colitis X

Front 682

P3 rotates in how many days after onset of acute laminitis

Back 682

3-4 days

Front 683

Used for pain relief with laminitis

Back 683

Phenylbutazone
Flunixin Meglumine
Aspirin

Front 684

Tx used to restore digital blood flow with laminitis

Back 684

Ace
Phenoxybenzamine
Isoxsuprine Hydrochloride
DMSO
Sodium Heparin
Nitroglycerine

Front 685

Tx for chronic laminitis

Back 685

D-I Methionine
Hoof Wall Resection