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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why is it dangerous for ESU's to put out frequencies around 50Hz? |
Lower frequency can lead to neural muscular stimulation or cardiac arrest (60Hz like wall outlet, US). Using high frequency allows current to pass through body safely. |
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What frequency do ESU's use (in hertz)? |
100kHz - 5MHz |
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What is the point of the patient grounding pad? |
To complete the circuit. Does not ground the patient* Just completes the circuit. Bonus* What's the difference? |
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Cut and Coagulation are the main type of modes in an ESU. What are two main factors that separate the two modes? |
Time current is supplied and overall voltage.
Pure cut uses power 100% of the time but low voltage (used to open skin). Coag delivers power in pulses (about 6% of time time of pure cut). High voltage. Cut (2300 v), Coag (3500-9000 v). |
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What is Fulguration? What mode is it used in? |
Non-contact coagulation. Instrument is held slightly above tissue and sparks jump across gap to tissue. (very high voltage). |
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What is the blend mode (ESU)? |
Combination between cut and coag. Power not as high as cut and voltage not as high as coag. Somewhere in between. |
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What is the Bipolar method (ESU)? Why would use use this method against monopolar? |
The bipolar method ensures that the active output and return function take place at the sight of surgery; uses forceps, looks like chop sticks. Uses lowest voltage* Could be used in case someone has pacemaker and you want to avoid the heart as best as you can. Limits leakage current and mitigates damage. |
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What type of grounding method does an ESU use? |
Isolated ground; generator is grounded and separated from the circuit of the pad and pen. |
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Is a high or low crest factor good for the CUT function while using an ESU? |
Low crest factor. Crest factor = Vpeak/Vrpms |
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What is the purpose of Argon gas while using an ESU? |
Provides enhanced coagulation. |
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What is the main function of an infant warmer? |
Limit caloric expenditure. |
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What is the formula to convert Fahrenheit to Celsius? and back? |
Tc = (Tf - 32) * 5/9 Tf = (Tc * 9/5) + 32 |
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Name 3 factors of radiation protection. |
Time, Shielding, and Distance. |
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What type of injuries would MRI be used for? How about CT? |
MRI would be ideal diagnosing tumors in the brain or spine. It is keen on identifying any soft tissue or ligament injuries. CT would be ideal for any skeletal injuries. Any bone injuries in the chest, spine or head. |
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Describe how an X ray tube works.. |
The cathode is heated to release electroncs. These electrons are released into a vacuum and hit the spinning anode (anode spins to release heat in single area). The anode releases x rays out of the x ray tube and is used to diagnose patients. |
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Frequency of Ultrasound waves? |
>20KHz |
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What is the Doppler function on an ultrasound used for? |
Detect movement of blood, usually (Blue away from ultrasound, red towards ultrasound) |
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What effect describes the conversion of electric energy to mechanical energy in ultrasound? |
Piezoelectric effect created by piezoelectric crystals. Voltage runs through crystals forcing them to vibrate and create high frequency sonic waves |
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What does a tonometer measure? |
Measures pressure inside the eye. Intraocular pressure (IOP) |
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What does a lensometer do? |
Verifies correct prescription in a pair of eye glasses |
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What does a Typanometer measure? |
Measures tympanic membrane pressure. Pressure in ear |
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Equate the White, Red, and Black ECG leads to their placement on the body.. |
Red - LL Black - LA White - RA Green - RL* Bonus |
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When does an IABP balloon inflate? During systole or Diastole? |
During Diastole. |
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What is the purpose of an IABP? |
Assist the heart in increasing myocardial (muscular tissue of heart) oxygen supply and decrease demand. |
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How does an ECG measure respiration? |
Measures impedance between electrodes. Inhaling increases distance and therefore impedance between electrodes. |
