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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Detail and contrast are much improved because of characteristic _____ _____
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edge enhancement
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Xeromammography was retired by what year?
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1990
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MQSA stands for?
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Mammography Quality Standards Act
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Approx. ____ % of 210,000 new cases of breast cancer die.
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20%
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Postmenopausal breasts are characterized by a degeneration of this ________ tissue and an increase in _______ tissue
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fibroglandular tissue - adipose tissue
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Photoelectric absorption predominates over Compton scattering at _____ x ray energy
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Low
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Approximately 80% of breast cancer is ductal and may have associated deposits of _______
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microcalcifications
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Semiannual Tasks
for mammo quality control |
1. Darkroom fog
2. Screen-film contact (wire mesh tool) 3. Compression |
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Non-routine Tasks
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Film crossover
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ACR stands for
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American college of radiology
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MQSA
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Mammo Quality Standards Act
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CQI stands for
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continuous quality improvement
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The ultimate responsibility is on the _____
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radiologist
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Mammography Quality Control Tasks
Daily Tasks |
Darkroom cleaning
Processor QC |
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Mammography Quality Control Tasks
Monthly Tasks |
Visual Checklist
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Mammography Quality Control Tasks
Weekly Tasks |
1. Screen cleaning
2. View box cleaning and inspection 3. Phantom images |
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Mammography Quality Control Tasks
Quarterly Tasks |
1. Repeat analysis
2. Evaluation of fixer retention |
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Which is the better focal spot?
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banana focal spot
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what is the target material used with mammo?
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molybdenum
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what are the focal spot sizes used for mammo?
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Focal spot sizes 0.3/0.1 mm with tilted tube
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what does Compression do for mammo?
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1. Reduces motion
2. Improves spatial resolution 3. Lowers patient dose |
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what kind of grid is used for mammo?
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High-transmission cellular grid
HTC |
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what kind of breast tissue is at a higher risk for cancer?
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dense breast tissue
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what is the Inherent filtration for mammo?
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0.1 Al equivalent
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Bremsstrahlung x-rays are produced more easily in target atoms with ______. (high or low ) atomic numbers
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high Z (atomic number)
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molybdenum (Mo) has a atomic number of ____
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42
compared with 74 for tungsten |
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rhodium (Rh) has a atomic number of ____
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45
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T or F
Under no circumstances is total filtration less than 0.10 mm Al equivalent |
False
0.5 mm Al equivalent Under no circumstances is total filtration less than 0.5 mm Al equivalent |
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The x ray tube is tilted at ___ degrees in mammo.
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6 degrees
(six degrees of separation : a way to remember it) |
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A unique grid that has been developed specifically for mammography is ______
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the HTC ( high transmission cellular)
has the clean up characteristics of a crossed grid. |
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the HTC ( high transmission cellular) has a ratio of _____
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3.8 : 1 grid ratio
** a Low ration ** |
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The AEC should be able to hold optical density within ____ OD as voltage is varied from 23 kVp to 32 kVp .
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0.10 OD
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diagnostic x ray mammo often is performed every ____
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6 months
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If the value of the mid-density (MD) or the density difference (DD) cannot be brought within the ____ variance of control, no clinical images should be processed.
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0.15 (15%)
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The B+F evaluates the of fog in the processing chain. This value is allowed to vary within ___ of the control value.
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0.03
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The mammo imaging unit is a type of _____
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C-arm imaging unit
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What is CAD?
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computer aided detection
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With low kVp a change of ___ degree can cause a visible change in image.
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one degree
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a NIT is ___
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a unit of light (candela per square meter)
the derived SI unit of luminance of monitors. |
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a Lux is ____
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the SI unit of illuminance, equal to one lumen per square meter
from Latin, literally ‘light.’. 1,000 lux Overcast day; typical TV studio lighting 32,000–130,000 lux Direct sunlight |
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Mammo viewboxes have ______ luminance levels than conventional viewboxes.
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considerably higher
at least (3,000 NIT) |
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Scoring of phantoms in mammo require determining the number of what three things ?
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1. fibers
2. speck groups 3. masses visible on the phantom image |
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a speck group may be counted as a full point if ____ of the six specks are visible with a magnifying glass.
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four or more
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What are some limitations of screen-film mammography?
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1.Limited dynamic range
2.display characteristics cannot be manipulated after processing. 3. storage of film 4. less contrast resolution 5. no post processing |
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SFM dynamic range is 40:1 while Digital is ____
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1000:1
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Digital is better for imaging _____ breast tissue
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dense (young)
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PACS stands for
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Picture Archiving & Communication System
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TFT stands for
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Thin Film Transistor
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what is a scintillator?
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a material that fluoresces when struck by a charged particle or high-energy photon.
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Digital mammography computer display monitors should be located in rooms that have ambient light of ________.
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Less than 5 lux^2
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A flat Panel a-Si detector system consists of four major components. What are they?
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1. Scintillator
2. Photodiodes 3. Thin film transistor 4. Glass support |
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The scintillator is made up of ____
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Cesium iodide (CsI)
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The a-Si TFT array is constructed as______
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A matrix of photodiodes
It converts the light into electric signals which is then converted into digital data for input into a computer |
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Which is the only system not approved by the FDA ?
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Computed Radiography (CR) DM system
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What is the difference between the flat panel amorphous selenium & the silicon?
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The flat panel a-Se allow for direct conversion of X-rays to electrical signals
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Name 3 grayscale image processing.
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1. Windowing
2. Subtraction 3. Temporal averaging |
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Name 3 local image processing operations.
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1. Spatial filtering
2. Edge enhancement 3. Smoothing |
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What is digital tomosynthesis ?
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A technique that uses the principles of conventional tomography to produce tomographic images that are intended to enhance conspicuity of lesions by blurring structures above and below the layer of interest.
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A dedicated mammography unit should have an automatically adjustable ___ device.
a. grid b. compression c. focal spot d. filter |
b. compression
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A dedicated mammography unit is most freq equipped with a ___
a. low ratio grid b. high ratio grid c. high transmission cellular grid d. A and C |
d. A and C
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Breast compression is used to ___ patient dose.
a. reduce b. increase |
a. reduce
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Film screen mammograms are best taken using ___ cassettes.
a. double screen b. single screen c. non screen d. both A and B |
b. single screen
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Quality assurance programs include evaluation of ____.
a. processes or procedures b.processor quality control c. equipment function d. all of the above |
d. all of the above
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the purpose of a mammography QA program is to maintain the maximum ___ with the minimum ____.
a. equipment function, department cost. b. patient satisfaction , exam time c. quality of mammograms, patient dose d. patient care, exam time |
c. quality of mammograms, patient dose
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One responsibility of the radiologist is to track _____.
a. patient communications b. film repeat analysis c. darkroom conditions d. equipment performance |
a. patient communications
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The first step in QC is the daily ____.
a. darkroom cleaning b. sensitometric strip c. screen cleaning d. phantom image |
a. darkroom cleaning
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The processor QC begins with daily tests for ____.
a. developer temp and darkroom fog b. developer temp and sensitometric values |
b. developer temp and sensitometric values
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