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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How is the cause azotemia determined?
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- hx, PE: wt. loss, anorexia, depression, edema, fever, freq. or volume of urination, alterations in micturition, alterations in urine appearance
- CBC, BUN, creatinine, U/A, urine culture - creatinine clearance: indication of GFR - fractional excretion of Na > 1% indicates renal tubular dysfunction - rectal exam (bladder, ureters, L kidney), U/S, endoscopy, renal bx, nuclear scintigraphy |
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What are some causes of ARF?
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renal ischemia, acute tubular necrosis, acute glomerulonephritis, abnormalities of hemostasis, acute interstitial nephritis
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What are some causes of acute tubular necrosis?
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renal ischemia
pigmenturia: hemoglobin, myoglobin renal toxins: NSAIDs, ABs (aminoglycosides), heavy metals, vitamins, blister beetles, acorns |
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What are the clinical signs of ARF?
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depression, anorexia, changes in urine output, fluid retention, edema, “colic” pain
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What is the tx for ARF?
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tx underlying dz
discontinue nephrotoxic drugs: don’t give NSAIDs, aminoglycosides fluid therapy: improve renal perfusion, correct electrolyte & acid-base abnormalities, induce diuresis, monitor PCV, TS, urine output, CVP, lung sounds diuretics & vasodilators: persistent oliguria/anuria - diuretics: furosemide, mannitol - vasodilator: dopamine dialysis |
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What are some causes of CRF?
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- chronic glomerulonephritis chronic tubular necrosis, pyelonephritis, urinary tract obstruction
- may be 2º to ARF, ascending UTI, bilateral obstructive dz chronic immune mediated glomerular injury: Strep, EIA, renal amyloidosis, Lepto |
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What are the clinical signs of CRF?
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wt. loss, lethargy, exercise intolerance, rough hair coat, PU/PD, mild ventral edema, signs of uremia (poor appetite, oral erosions, vasculitis, soft feces or frank diarrhea, GI ulceration/bleeding, PLE, melena, tartar)
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What is the tx for CRF?
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- minimize further loss of renal function: hydration (water, salt), discontinue nephrotoxic drugs
- stimulate appetite: palatable feeds, grass hays (lower Ca), low (10%) high quality protein, +/- high fat - supportive care: electrolyte supplementation, +/- B vitamins &/or anabolic steroids (may help w/ appetite) - +/- tx for hyperlipidemia - +/- ABs for pyelonephritis |
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What are some causes of urinary tract inflammation?
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infection (urethritis, cystitis, pyelonephritis), urolithiasis, bladder atony, neoplasia
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What are the clinical signs of:
a. cystolithiasis b. nephrolithiasis |
a. dysuria, hematuria, pyuria
b. dysuria, hematuria, colic, poor performance, lethargy, anorexia, wt. loss |
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What is the tx for urinary tract inflammation?
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- correct underlying cause: urolithiasis, neurological problem, etc.
- systemic ABs - ↑ urine production: salt, water intake - urinary acidifiers: high dose vitamin C |
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What are some causes of urinary tract obstruction?
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urolithiasis, neoplasia, severe inflammation
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What are some causes of urinary incontinence?
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- urinary: cystitis, ectopic ureter, urolithiasis, neurologic dz, vaginal injuries or polyps
- neurologic dz: spinal cord injury, equine protozoal myelitis, herpes myelitis, rabies, aberrant parasite migration, cauda equina syndrome, sorghum, Sudan grass toxicosis |
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What are the clinical signs of urinary incontinence?
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dribbling urine, urine scalding (perineum, hind legs), strong urine odor, exacerbated by exercise, coughing, etc.
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What is the tx for urinary incontinence?
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- correct underlying cause
- repeated bladder evacuation - ↓ urethral tone: α-adrenergic antagonists - ↑ detrusor activity: parasympathomimetics - ABs to control cystitis - supportive care |
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What are some causes of hematuria?
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UTI, urolithiasis, neoplasia, nephrotoxicosis, urethral defects/tears, idiopathic (uncommon)
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What are some causes of abnormalities of micturition?
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urinary tract inflammation
urinary tract obstruction urinary incontinence hematuria |
