Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
List several castration complications for geldings!
|
Hemorrhage
Swelling Infection Peritonitis & hydrocele Evisceration Prolapse |
|
|
What is the most common abnormality in stallions?
|
Cryptorchidism
|
|
|
What is the most commonly affected breed/type of horse for scrotal and abdominal hernias?
|
Standardbred
She mentioned because they tend to pull them out instead of naturally let them parturate. |
|
|
What is a Scrotal Herniation?
|
This occurs when the intestine enters the testicular sac through the vaginal ring.
|
|
|
During the foaling process what can occur?
|
Umbilical Hernias
|
|
|
What is the normal degree for a Spermatic Cord Torsion?
|
180 degrees is normal!
360 is not! |
|
|
What is the danger of a spermatic cord torsion?
|
Decreased bood supply can cause testicular death and infection.
|
|
|
What is hydrocele?
|
Fluid accumulation in one or both testicles! Makes temperature regulation impossible and typically have to remove testicle.
|
|
|
What is hematocele?
|
Blood accumulation in one or both testicles. Typically caused by trauma to the testicles such as being kicked by a mare.
|
|
|
What typically causes penile abnormalities?
|
Kicks!
Masturbation, severe bending of the shaft or improperly fitted stallion rings. Even slight cuts can cause infection, impotence or paralysis. |
|
|
What is a penile prolapse?
|
The inability to retract the penis back into the sheath.
|
|
|
What can cause a penile prolapse?
|
Trauma,
Tranquilizers (ACE)!!!, Neurologic Disease |
|
|
What is phimosis?
|
The inability to expend the penis past the prepuice.
|
|
|
What are summer sores?
|
Sores on the shealth & urethra caused by migrating parasites (Habronema)
|
|
|
What is Priapism?
|
Persistent erection
(Acepromozine) |
|
|
What is hemospermia?
|
Blood in semen caused by bacterial or viral infections, wounds or even summer sores.
|
|
|
What is Hematuria?
|
Same as Hemospermia except for geldings? Odd... Should look this one up.
|
|
|
What is Pneumovagina?
|
Fecal and cair contamination in vagina. (Caslick cure?)
|
|
|
What is Urovagina?
|
Urine pooling in the vagina.
|
|
|
What are the degrees of damage that can be caused during paturition of a foal?
|
1st degree - only skin damage.
2nd degree - involves muscle layers 3rd degree - complete desctruction of rectal/vaginal shelf! |
|
|
Do cervical lacertaions during foaling require surgery?
|
Most heal on their own but if there is extensive tearing yes surgery is needed.
|
|
|
What are the two registries that do not allow the use of AI?
|
The Jockey Club
The Standard Jack and Jennet Registry |
|
|
What are the advantages of artificial insemination & semen collection?
|
Highly efficient use of stallion semen.
Increase number of mares covered. Can ship far away. Less likely venereal infection. Pathogen potential reduced. Less horse injuries. Fertility issues can be delt with. |
|
|
What are the disadvantages of artificial insemination & semen collection?
|
Success depends on knowledge and skill.
Improper handling loweres pregnancy rates. Expensive equipment and costs. Increased chance of human injury. |
|
|
What is an AV?
|
It is an artificial vagina used for collecting stallion semen.
|
|
|
What is the most widely used AV in the US?
|
The Missouri Model
|
|
|
Cleanup of a Missouri Model is?
|
Use of disposable liners is uncommon so clean up can be messy!
|
|
|
What should I remember about the Japanese AV model?
|
Rigid Aluminum Case
Small Can burn animal if not careful |
|
|
Which AV has the best heat retention of all commercial AV's?
|
The Colorado Model
|
|
|
What AV is likely the heaviest model used?
|
The Colorado Model
|
|
|
Which AV commonly used has disposable liners for quick clean up?
|
The Colorado Model
|
|
|
What is special about the Polish AV Model?
|
Designed for split ejaculate collection.
First portion contains 75-80% of total spermatozoa. Less contamination problems. |
|
|
What is important about all the components that come into contact with an AV?
|
That they are nonspermicidal.
|
|
|
All items must be cleaned but don't use?
|
Don't use soap.
|
|
|
What temperature of water should be placed in AV before use?
|
45-50 degree Celsius
|
|
|
Any temperature above what level will kill semen on contact?
|
45 degree celsius!
??? |
|
|
What should be maintained for each stallion based on well kept notes?
|
Temperature and pressure of the AV.
|
|
|
What should the inner surface of the AV have?
|
Lubrication!
|
|
|
What should semen not be exposed to during collection?
|
Light!
|
|
|
What temperature should the collection bottle be maintained for collection?
|
Body Temperature
|
|
|
What should be done to each collection?
|
Strained through a filter.
Separates sperm from gel. |
|
|
What are some benefits to breeding phantoms?
|
Safe alternative to jump mares.
Decreased danger to handler and stallion. Older or injured stallions can mount safely. Dangerous behavior can be controlled easier. |
|
|
What are some desirable elements for a good breeding phantom?
|
Adjustable height
Sufficient width Adequate padding A stand with a centrally placed support Installation in an area free of obstructions. |
|
|
After collection semen should be moved?
|
immediately to a lab.
|
|
|
Anything that comes into contact with the semen should be?
|
body temperature.
|
|
|
After gel filtration semen is evaluated for?
|
total volume (gel free and gel portion) and color.
|
|
|
What will the use of a densimeter give you?
|
Total number of cells.
|
|
|
Generally what ratio of semen to extender is adequate for on site insemination?
|
1:1 or 1:2
|
|
|
What are most extenders?
|
They are milk based and may contain a variety of antibiotics.
|
|
|
For mares AI breeding every other day from the?
|
third day of estrus until ovulation is common.
Additional breedings are not beneficial and can cause repro tract contamination. |
|
|
What is the common amount of semen dose shipped?
|
1 billioon due to the high rate of death.
|
|
|
What is the common on site dose for semen?
|
250-500 million pms.
|
|
|
What is PMS?
|
Progressively Motile Sperm
|
|
|
Before breeding the mare must be?
|
cleaned 2-3 times using sterile technique.
|
|
|
How is the mare inseminated?
|
Using a shoulder length rectal sleeve, the pipette is passed into the vaginal canal, through the cervix and the semen is deposited into the uterus.
|
|
|
What is important to a reproductive examination of a mare?
|
Her history!
Age, Bred, Foals, Lost any? Infections, etc. |
|
|
Mares have an estrous cycle and it is important in the reproductive examination in what way?
|
Does she have a normal cycle?
If not why and how do we treat? |
|
|
What body systems in a mare are observed during a reproductive examination?
|
Digestive
Respiratory Urinary Cardiovascular Nervous Any potentially heritable conformation faults. |
|
|
What are some external visual issues that can be identified in the mare during a reproductive exam?
|
Tipped uterus
Vulvar Seal Previous caslicks Scarring and Injury Sunken anus |
|
|
A rectal palpation on a mare can determine?
|
Abnormal ovary size.
Abnormal bleeding from a CH Uterine or ovarian cysts. Symmetry between horns. Cervix placement |
|
|
What is the purpose of a uterine culture?
|
To determine if any microorganisms are present in the uterine cavity.
|
|
|
What is the single most effective tool for determining a mare's reproductive potential?
|
A Uterine Biopsy
|
|
|
What are the categories of a uterine biopsy where implantation of fetal growth will occur?
|
Cat 1: Better than 80% chance.
Cat 2A: 50-80% chance Cat 2B: 10-50% chance Cat 3: Less than 10% |
|
|
What are some other diagnostic aids for the mare?
|
Transrectal ultrasound - shape and position.
Endoscopic examination - cysts, lesions, etc Ultrasonographic exam - Tumors, abscesses, hematomas. |
|
|
What is important in a reproductive exam of a stallion?
|
Knowing the Stallions history!
Success, AI or Hand... etc |
|
|
While examining the stallion visually what is the preferred method?
|
The teasing method!
|
|
|
Testicular size correlates highly with?
|
Sperm output!
Formula is 0.5 X width x height x length of testicles |
|
|
What is MRLS?
|
Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome
|
|
|
What is CEM?
|
Contagious Equine Metritis
|
|
|
You have a 30 ml dose of raw semen.
200m/ml = 6 billion cells With a 80% PMS how many can you ship? |
times the 6 billion by 0.8
Thats 4.8 billion. Ship 4 and farm 1 or two Or farm 8 to 10 |
|
|
What is the process if you are going to ship semen?
|
Add extender
Cool it Cooled container Shipped in Equi-tainer |
|
|
All horses have to go through what if imported?
|
All horses have to go through quarantine when imported to the US.
|
|
|
What are the only two places where horses are quarantined and examined in the US?
|
New York and
UC Davis |
|
|
A quarantined stallion must breed how many?
|
6 mares live cover before released.
|
|
|
What is Equine Herpesvirus!
|
A sexual virus that causes lesions.
|
|
|
Rhinopneumonitis is vaccinated with?
|
EHV-1
But can mutate to nurological and be very dangerous to horses. |
|
|
What is a red bag delivery?
|
A premature separation of the placenta. The foal is unable to breeth while in the bag as it should follow the foal not be covered.
|
|
|
When is the EHV-1 vaccine given to pregnant mares?
|
5, 7, and 9 month of pregnancy.
|
|
|
Explain what is MRLS!
|
It was first observed in 2001. It causes a high amount of red bag births. It is an assumption that the Eastern Tent Caterpillars are the cause when in the enviornment in large quantities and injested in feed they create a toxic uterine problem.
|
|
|
Explain CMS!
|
It is a veneral infection of the gentical tract of horses. Caused by the Taylorella equigenitalis bacteria.
Mares are infertile during the acute illness phase. |
|
|
What does EVA stand for?
|
Equine Viral Arteritis
|
|
|
Explain what EVA is!
|
A disease caused by an RNA virus of the arterivirus.
It can cause abortion. |
