Equine Reproduction Exam Ii

Front 1

Premature

Back 1

Any foal born earlier than 320 days, will probably require some vet intervention.

Front 2

Dysmature

Back 2

Foal carried to term but immature physically, often exhibiting domed forehead, floppy ears, etc.

Front 3

Placentitis

Back 3

Placental dysfunction or inflammation; causes 50% of diagnosed abortions.

Front 4

Early Embryonic Loss/Death (vs. Abortion)

Back 4

Loss of embryo in early stages of pregnancy as opposed to the loss of fetus (yielding an abortion).

Front 5

Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome

Back 5

Toxin caused condition yielding a late term abortion. Could be obtained by eating eastern tent caterpillar.

Front 6

Tall Fescue Toxicosis

Back 6

Caused by tall fescue infested with endophyte fungus (therefore a toxin) which is seed-borne and produces alkaloids causing production of dopamine which suppresses prolactin.

Front 7

Agalactia

Back 7

No milk production; possibly no colostrum at all.

Front 8

Domperidone

Back 8

A treatment to avoid fescue toxicity, given to mares 20 days prior to foaling; is a dopamine receptor antagonist.

Front 9

Prolactin

Back 9

Essential for last stages of pregnancy, foaling, and early lactation. Affects on non-pregnant mares are fewer and smaller follicles, delayed first ovulation, prolonged CL, decrease pregnancy rates, and increased embryonic death.

Front 10

Hydrops

Back 10

Accumulation of fluid in abdomen, or edema; excessive enlargement, usually occurs between 4 and 8 months pregnancy.

Front 11

Parturition

Back 11

The act of giving birth.

Front 12

Ventral Edema

Back 12

Abdominal accumulation of fluid; a condition of late pregnancies.

Front 13

Waxing

Back 13

Occurs 24 to 48 hours prior to foaling; first milk (colostrum) appears at end of teat; especially common of late pregnancies.

Front 14

Premature Placental Separation (Red Bag)

Back 14

Red chorion appears at vulva; means there is no more blood supply and therefore oxygen supply to the foal.

Front 15

Dystocia

Back 15

Abnormal presentation of foal.

Carpal Flexion, Foot Nape, Breech, Hurling Posture, Head and Neck Flexion, Should Flexion, Hock Flexion, Transverse Posture

Front 16

Capral Flexion

Back 16

leg bent at knee

Fix: have mare stand, reach in, reposition leg

Front 17

Foot Nape

Back 17

one leg is wrapped around nape of neck

Can result in tare of roof of vagina

Front 18

Breech

Back 18

hinquarters presented first, real legs flexed a hip

Fix: c-section

Front 19

Hurldling/Dog-Sitting

Back 19

flexed hip, rear hoof/hooves caught on pelvic rim

Front 20

Head and Neck Flexion

Back 20

head and neck flexed to side (most common)

Front 21

Shoulder Flexion

Back 21

front leg flexed at shoulder (swimming)

Front 22

Hock Flexion

Back 22

hind end first, both hocks flexed and caught on pelvic rim

Fix: c-section; hard to correct; → ruptured uterus

Front 23

Transverse Posture

Back 23

foal occupies both uterine horns

Fix: immediate c-section

Front 24

Retained Placenta

Back 24

When all or part of the placenta is not delivered.

Front 25

Failure of Passive Transfer

Back 25

Receipt of less than optimal IgG levels in foal; experienced by 25% of foals (most common immunodeficiency disorder in foals); less than 400 mg/dL of IgG in blood.

Front 26

Colostrum

Back 26

First milk, carries high concentrations of antibodies (Immunoglobulin G, IgG); must be ingested within first 18 hours of life.

Front 27

Partial Failure of Passive Transfer

Back 27

Between 400 and 800 mg/dL of IgG in blood of foal at 10 to 12 hours of life.

Front 28

Successful Passive Transfer

Back 28

Over 800 mg/dL of IgG in blood of foal at 10 to 12 hours of life; normal healthy foal.

Front 29

Meconium

Back 29

First poop, often black and tarry.

Front 30

Neonatal Isoerythrolysis

Back 30

Foal produces antibodies to RBCs; possible if foal consumes colostrum from a mare that lacks particular antigen and becomes exposed to it producing anti-RBC antibodies.

Front 31

Overo Lethal White

Back 31

Foal is almost white at birth and usually appear normal at birth otherwise, however has an underdeveloped intestine; often occurs when bread to overo paints.

Front 32

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (CID)

Back 32

Deficiency of B and T Lymphocytes, responsible for cell immunity; yields death prior to 5 months old.

Front 33

Dummy Foal

Back 33

Neonatal Maladjustment; foal appears to be a wanderer, barker, or sleeper; possibly occurs due to brain hemorrhage and swelling due to edema.

Front 34

Foal Heart Rate

Back 34

Vital: 40 to 70 BPM

Front 35

Foal Respiration

Back 35

Vital: 32 to 54 BPM

Front 36

Foal Temperature

Back 36

Vital: 100 to 101.5 degrees F

Front 37

Foal Attitude

Back 37

BAR, eating, milking, defecating

Front 38

Foal Heat Diarrhea

Back 38

Nine Day Scours, occurs at same time as mare's first return to estrus; cause is unknown.

Front 39

Uterine Involution

Back 39

The return of the uterus to its normal size after birth; endometrium regenerated by about 14 days post-foaling.

Front 40

Mastitis

Back 40

Inflammation or infection of the mammary gland. Mare doesn't have to be lactating to have condition.

Front 41

Leydig Cells

Back 41

Interstitial cells, sensitive to LH, produce testosterone to maintain spermiogenesis and secondary sex characteristics and libido.

Front 42

Sertoli Cells

Back 42

Responsible for sperm production due to FSH; releases mature sperm cells into seminiferous tubules.

Front 43

Epididymis

Back 43

Ciliated cells line inside and smooth muscle lines outside.

- Head – flat-shapd, responsible for resoprtion of fluids secreted by tubules and rete testes
- Body – location of sperm maturation
- Tail – storage of fertile sperm for up to 10 days

Front 44

Accessory Sex Glands

Back 44

Vesicular Glands (Seminal Vesicles) and Bulbourethral Glands (Paired Glands), Prostate Gland (Two Narrow Lobes); function in fluid contribution of urethra.

Front 45

Cryptorchid

Back 45

Animal with failure of testes to completely descend (through the inguinal canal/inguinal ring - opening in abdominal wall); in normal colt both testes should descent into scrotum between 20 days prior to foaling and 10 days after foaling.

Four types of retention: complete abdominal, incomplete abdominal, permanent inguinal, temporary inguinal.

Front 46

Cremaster Muscle

Back 46

Muscle surrounding spermatic cord; contrats to raise tes for short period of time; aids in temperature regulation.

Front 47

Tunica Dartos

Back 47

Layer of the scrotum; smooth muscle fibers intermixed with connective tissue; aid in control of scrotal temperature.

Front 48

Pampiniform Plexus

Back 48

Heat exchange system in which heat from blood entering testis is transferred to blood leaving testis.

Front 49

Ampulla

Back 49

Dilated end of deferent duct, near urethra; presence of crypts and glands.

Front 50

Puberty (of Stallion)

Back 50

Ability of colt to impregnate mare.

Front 51

Sexual Maturity (of Stallion)

Back 51

No more physical changes to stallion; reached at around 4 years old.