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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are a stallions accessory sex glands
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prostate, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands, ampulla
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what is the stalliion's generative organ
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testicles
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Congenital causes of sterility or infertility
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morphology, alterations in spem production
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Acquired causes of sterility or infertility
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disease, infection, nutrition, management, trauma
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what do you look for in semen evaluation
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volume, color, ph, concentration motilty, %live, morphology culture
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what shape is a horse's ovary
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kidney
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mare's generative organ's and what they do
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produce estrogen and progesterone production of ovas
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tubular portion of mare
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vulva, vestibule, vagina, cervix, uterus, oviducts
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Broad ligament - job
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support, blood and nerve support mesovarium mesometrium mesosalpinx
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when is the natural breeding season for mares, transitional, anovulatory
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natural - May sept
fall trans - Oct Nov anovulatory - Dec - Feb spring trans - March April |
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greatest influence on breeding
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sunshine and light, long day breeder
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when is puberty and sexual maturity
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puberty 12-15 months
sexual mature - 2 years |
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stages of Estrous cycle
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21 days
Proestrus, Estrus, Metestrus, Diestrus |
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Proestrus
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1-3 days, preparation of egg leaving, increase FSH and estrogen, follicles increase in size
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Estrus
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5-7 days, 1 follicle dominates, sexual receptive, estrogen increase, decrease progesterone
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ovulation
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24-48 hours prior to end of estrus, increase LH
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metestrus
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1-3 days, development of CL, increased progesterone, decrease estrogen
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diestrus
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14-16 days, highest progesterone
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Late diestrus
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CL regresses, progesterone decreases, fsh inceases, new cycle begins or if pregnant CL stays put and progesterone stays
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Anestrus
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5-7 months period between breeding seasons
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Breeding Soundness
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In Estrus, Rectal, Ultrasound, vaginal speculum, uterine culture
uterine biopsy |
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determining cycle
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Behavior(teasing), rectal exam, ultrasound, vaginal speculum
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Teasing Signs in Mare
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Diestrus - antagonist, striking, ears pinned back, fleeing
Proestrus - does not care Estrus - arch back, winking |
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Rectal Exam in Mare
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Follicle 40-50 mm ovulate, softer
Uterine tone estrus - soft and flaccid diestrus toned |
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Ultrasound in Mare
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measure follicle
estrus - uterus pinwheel edema |
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vaginal speculum
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cervical change
diestrus - dry and tight estrus - soft melted pink |
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granulosa cell tumor
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mare exhibits stallion behavior, diagnosis with ultrasound, irregular, remove ovary
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modification of estrus cycle
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prostaglandin, hcG and Deslorelin
progesterone, artificial light |
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Prostaglandin
(short cycle) |
Lutalyse - regression of CL short cycle, sweating cramping, can also abort b4 150 days
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hcG and deslorelin
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induces ovulation 24-48 hours
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Reg-u-mate
Progesterone |
avoid Mare behavior, pregnancy maintenance, keep mare out of heat
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artificial light
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200 watt 16 hours a day, early december, to bring into heat early
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types of breeding
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pasture - turned out, can get hurt
hand breed - reduces injury AI - fresh and frozen semen |
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fertilization
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egg life - 12 hours sperm 5 days, occurs in oviduct
in uterus 3-5 days, implantation 16 days |
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pregnancy length and determination
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330 days
ultrasound 14 days, rectal 40 days, estrous sulfate 100 days, watch for heat |
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findings in ultrasound
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vesicle 12-14 days
embryo 21 days heartbeat 25-28 days |
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twins
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pinching, abortion
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stage of development
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1-12 days ovum,
12-60 days organ system 60-330 days fetal development |
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Care of Mare
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increase nutrition 30% last few months
vaccines-EHV 3, 5, 7, 9 months routine vx - high antibodies |
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more care of mare
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de-worm on day of birth
exercise - increase antibodies in colostrum |
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placenta
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protection, nutrition, waste management, enzymes and hormones
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fetal membranes
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fetal part of placenta
baby sac, 1st sac allanto-chorion- 2nd and 3rd membrane fused together |
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mare part of placenta
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endometrium-inner layer of uterus
allanto-chorion in contact with endometrium |
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signs of birth
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bag enlarges 4-6 weeks
tail relaxes 1-2 weeks teats fill out 4-6 days, vulva relaxes 1-4 days wax forms 1-2 d |
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60% of birth happen when
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at night
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stages of birth
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dialation of cervix, fetus enters, water breaks, fetus out, fetal membranes out
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1st stage of birth
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can 12-48 hours usually 4 hours, restlessness, circling, lift tail, defecating, get up down, sweat, flank watching eating
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1st to 2nd stage
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water breaks and allanto chorion ruptures
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2nd stage
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hard labor 10-30 minutes
90% down for labor |
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white balloon
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amniotic sac
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dystocia
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difficult birth, abnormal position
uterine inertia call vet if not out in 30 mn, walk mare |
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red bag
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premature of placenta, allanto chorion opened immediately
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prolapsed uterus
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call vet, keep calm quiet, uterine and abdominal contractions
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ruptures
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uterine, large small colon, high mortality
ventral ruptures - draft horses |
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lacerations
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primaparous mares
rectovaginal castlick procedure clean postpone surgery |
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3rd stage
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expulsion fetal membranes helped by weight and contractions, tie above hocks, keep for vet
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retained fetal membranes
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greater than 3 hours - dangerous do not pull, oxytocin, Nsaids,
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post partum mare
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uterus back to size 30 days, fertile
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lactation
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produces 3-4 Gallon milk/ day
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Agalactia
Galacctorea |
can't produce milk, fescue grass, drugs - thyroptin stimulates prolactin
G - premature milk - no colostrum |
