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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Quantity of food ingested.
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25-30 lbs of dry pasture or grass hay (2% body weight).
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Eating schedule.
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12-16 hrs daily. Needs to chew for many hours. Satiated by long-stem hay.
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Avoidances.
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Alfalfa; grain (only for growth, breeding, hard work); rich pastures; blocks with high molasses content (too much salt).
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Rate to feed.
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Grass hay 3x @ 1.5-1.75x horse's body weight daily.
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Water intake.
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5-10 gallons daily. More in summer, less in winter. Drink an hr after roughage intake.
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Electrolytes.
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Salt ions (sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, magnesium, other minerals) necessary for various body functions.
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Weanling (4-6 mo).
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Nutrition and health care essential during peak growing period.
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Yearling.
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Requires higher protein feed and may need to be dewormed more often than adults.
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Adult/prime (5-12 years).
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Needs are basic.
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Senior (20-30 years old).
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Difficulty in saliva production, absorbing nutrients. May be anemic. Needs increase in feed; more protein & fat. Less carbs.
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Geriatric (30+).
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Needs soft easily digestable foods. Bran, beet pulp, hay chop.
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Pepsinogen.
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Inactive form of pepsin that digests protein.
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Gastrin.
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Hormone secreted into blood from stomach in response to distention of stomach wall by feed; stimulates secretion of gastric acid & pepsinogen.
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Passive transport.
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Simple diffusion of nutrients from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration. Products of most fat digestion absorbed after emulsification by bile salts.
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Facilitative transport.
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Carrier proteins transfer nutrients into intestinal cells, but to area of lower concentration, ie down a concentration gradient. Products of carbohydrate digestion absorbed.
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Active transport.
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Large, complex carrier protein that links with nutrient plus either sodium or hydrogen ion, and then travels into cell down concentration gradient. Products of carbohydrate, protein, and medium/short chain fatty acid digestion absorbed.
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Pinocytosis.
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Intestinal cells engulfing large molecules. Most important in newborn mammals who are absorbing immunoglobins present in colostrum. Some proteins products absorbed.
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End product of carbohydrases including sucrase & maltase (sugars).
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Simple sugars including glucose, sucrose, & maltose.
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End product of lactase (milk sugar; lactose).
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Glucose & galactose.
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End product of amylase (starch).
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Glucose.
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End product of proteases pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, & carboxypeptidases (protein, peptones, peptides - breakdown of protein).
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Peptides & amino acids.
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Lipases (fat).
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Fatty acids & monoglycerides.
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Digestion of fiber.
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Micro-organisms including bacteria, fungi, & protozoa by process of fermentation in hindgut. Produces VFAs, lactate, gases, & heat. Short-chain fatty acids absorbed via active transport.
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Digestion of B-complex & K vitamins.
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Synthesized by microbes in hindgut. Can be digested in small intestine too.
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Lactic acid.
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Product of any sugar, starch, or soluble fibers fermented by bacteria in hindgut. Also another VFA.
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Digestion of sugar.
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Most in small intestine. Unlikely in large intestine.
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Digestion of starch.
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Most (if not overloaded) in small intestine after digestion of sugars. Bacterial fermentation in large intestine if small is overloaded, which produces volatile fatty acids (VFAs).
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Digestion of protein.
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Most in small intestine after digestion to peptides & amino acids. A little in large intestine.
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Digestion of fats & oils.
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Small intestine.
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Digestion of calcium.
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Small intestine, a little in large intestine.
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Digestion of phosphorus.
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Small & large intestine.
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Digestion of electrolytes.
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Small & large intestine.
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Digestion of A & E vitamins.
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Small intestine.
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Leptin.
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Hormone produced by fat which affects long-term intake of food.
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Essential nutrients.
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Carbs (sugar, starch, fiber); protein (11 essential amino acids); fats & oils; vitamins & minerals; water.
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Loss in bodyweight due to dehydration.
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4% in 24 hrs. 10% can be fatal.
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Glycogen.
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Energy storage compound in equine muscle & liver.
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Fructans.
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Water-soluble & non-structural carbohydrates found in grass.
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Saccharide units.
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What all carbs are formed from.
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Monosaccharides.
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Sugars that are consisted of one unit.
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Fat-soluble vitamins.
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A, D, E, K. Stored in body; need dietary fat to be used.
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Water-soluble vitamins.
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C & B. Not stored in body; only need water to be used.
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Vitamins.
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Organic compounds essential for growth & maintenance. Needed only in small amounts.
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Vitamin functions.
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Helps enzymatic reactions in body, scavenge free radicals, release energy from food, helps metabolize amino acids & proteins & clot blood, maintain cell membrane activity & calcium balance, supports bone development & normal eye function, nerve imtr.
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Vitamin A.
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Maintains normal structure of cell walls, bone growth, vision. For reproduction & immune function. Stored in liver. (Broodmares in last trimester may need more esp in fall or winter.)
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Vitamin A deficiency.
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Night blindness, weepy eyes, poor growth, impaired reproduction, respiratory infections, rough coat, weight loss, gut dysfunction, anaemia.
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Vitamin A excess.
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Very toxic. Unthriftiness, depression, bone fragility, skin lesions, reduced blood clotting, internal hemorrhages.
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Vitamin B complex.
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Required together for normal synthesis/activation. Enzyme components, energy metabolism, nerve conduction. Good for immune system, helps manage stress, allergies, & infections. Biotin excellent for hooves.
Thiamine (B1) good for natural sedation. |
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Vitamin C.
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Important antioxidant; charges others to keep active. Protects lung function. Connective tissue integrity, iron metabolism. Made from liver. Can be helpful treating tying-up syndrome or Cushing's disease due to pituitary adenoma.
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Vitamin D.
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"Sunshine" vitamin. Regulates absorption, transport, and deposition of calcium and lesser of phosphorous. Can be absorbed in sufficient amounts in sunlight.
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Vitamin D excess.
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Calcium deposition in soft tissues, which can damage muscles, blood vessels, kidneys, and even heart.
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Vitamin E.
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Antioxidant important for reproduction, muscle development, red blood cell & immune function. May help with equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy. Can be combined with selenium to fight against tying-up syndrome.
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Vitamin K.
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Important blood-clotting agent. Protein synthesis. Is produced by microbes in cecum & colon and are absorbed there.
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Minerals.
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Inorganic substances found in mother nature. Build teeth & bone, work with enzymes, help muscle contraction, aid nerve impulses.
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Calcium & Phosphorous.
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Must be in correct balance of each other by 1.5:1 & 2:1. Both for bones & teeth.
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Phosphorous excess.
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Calcium deficiency. Causes osteodystrophy. Inhibits uptake of magnesium.
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Phosphorous deficiency.
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Causes rickets, overgrowth, fragile bones that leads to fractures & lameness. Similar to calcium.
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Calcium deficiency.
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Causes rickets, osteomalacia, skeletal abnormalities including fractures, lameness, big head syndrome, weight loss.
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Vitamin B Complex deficiency.
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Excesses are excreted. Supplementation safe.
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Vitamin C deficiency.
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Possibly oxidative stress.
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Vitamin C excess.
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Can be excreted but may cause diarrhea.
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Vitamin D deficiency.
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Poor appetite, reduced growth rate, skeletal abnormalities.
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Vitamin E deficiency.
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Muscle dysfunction, cardiovascular disruption, poor immunity.
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Vitamin E excess.
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Least toxic of fat-soluble vitamins.
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Vitamin K excess.
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Colic and kidney failure (excessive synthetic supplementation).
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Calcium excess.
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Large excesses can cause skeletal abnormalities if phosphorous is low.
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Magnesium.
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Bone & teeth structure, cell membranes and genetic material constituents, energy production.
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Magnesium deficiency.
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Impaired muscle & nerve function, appetite loss, muscle tremors, impaired balance, long-term heart & skeletal abnormalties.
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Magnesium excess.
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High intake inhibits calcium uptake.
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Potassium.
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Electrolyte. Muscle contraction, nerve function.
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Potassium deficiency.
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Unlikely due to abundance in feed. Possible from excess sweating/diarrhea. Fatigue, muscle weakness, nerve irritability, mental disorientation, appetite loss.
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Potassium excess.
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Unlikely due to excretion of excess.
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Sodium.
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Electrolyte. Nerve & muscle function.
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Sodium deficiency.
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Decreased exercise performance & sweating, muscle & nerve dysfunction, dehydration, reduced appetite, licking behavior.
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Sodium excess.
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Colic, diarrhea, muscle weakness.
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Chloride.
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Electrolyte. Stomach acid.
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Sulphur.
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Structural role in skin, hair, hooves.
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Sulphur excess.
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Inhibits uptake of microminerals including copper, selenium, cobalt.
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Zinc.
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Enzyme activation, immune function, hormones & growth, skin integrity & wound healing, genetic material constituent, protein synthesis.
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Zinc deficiency.
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Poor appetite, poor growth rate, DOD, skin lesions, poor fertility, interruption of vitamin A use.
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Zinc excess.
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Not known to arise from feed; industrial contamination of pasture can inhibit uptake of other nutrients including calcium & iron.
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Copper.
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Enzyme constituent, immune & nerve function, connective tissue structure, hair color, growth, utilization of iron in red blood cells.
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Copper deficiency.
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Anemia, bone & joint disorders, DOD, poor growth, infertility, hair depigmentation, gut disturbances.
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Copper excess.
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Can cause liver & kidney damage.
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Iron.
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Oxygen uptake and storage in blood & muscles, enzymes.
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Iron deficiency.
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Rare in healthy horses due to abundance in feed. Anemia (usually thru blood loss of chronic inflammation), poor performance.
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Iron excess.
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Liver damage, gut disturbances and other mineral deficiencies, oxidative stress, reduced infection resistance. Should not be supplemented in large doses.
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Selenium.
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Antioxidant. Immune function, enzymes, pancreatic function.
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Selenium deficiency.
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Weakness, muscle dysfunction, poor performance, skin & hair pigmentation loss, poor growth.
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Selenium excess.
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Fatigue, hair & hoof loss, inhibition of protein synthesis.
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Chromium.
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Insulin function.
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Chromium deficiency.
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Could result in insulin insensitivity.
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Chromium excess.
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Damage of genetic material. Not permitted as a feed additive.
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Iodine.
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Thyroid hormones.
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Iodine deficiency.
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Goitre, impaired growth & development in youngsters.
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Iodine excess.
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Infertility & abortion in mares and abnormal growth in their foals.
Seaweed very rich in iodine; should be given to pregnant mares with care. |
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Manganese.
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Enzyme component, joint tissues.
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Manganese deficiency.
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Unlikely due to abundance in feed. Joint abnormalities & lameness in youngsters.
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Cobalt.
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Component of vitamin B12.
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Cobalt deficiency.
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Unlikely due to abundance in feed.
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Cobalt excess.
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Toxicity with very large intakes.
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Ingestion.
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The beginning of the digestive process. Food is taken and masticated in the mouth before taken in by body.
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Breakdown.
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Conversion of large molecules within feed into simplest components.
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Absorption.
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Products of digestion pass through gut wall into blood. Can only occur in small & large intestine and involves many transport mechanisms. Most nutrients are absorbed into hepatic portal blood vessels & transported to liver to process for storage, etc.
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Physical digestion.
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Physical processing of feed to reduce particle size by mastication or peristalsis.
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Chemical digestion.
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Breakdown of digesta into smaller molecules by series of chemical reactions involving enzymes. Simplest components of feed from chemical breakdown: simple sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol, vitamins & minerals.
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Microbial fermentation.
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Breakdown of feed into smaller molecules (mostly short chain fatty acids).
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Microbes.
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Mainly bacteria. Provide enzymes to aid the breakdown of more complex foods. Part of the fermentation process.
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