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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Is EVA an RNA or DNA virus?
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RNA
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What genus of virus is EVA?
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arterivirus
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In __, EVA was first identified causing a __/__ syndrome.
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1953
respiratory/abortion |
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Three Forms of EVA are?
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abortion
respiratory arteritis |
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What are 4 CS of the respiratory/arteritis form of EVA?
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Fever (5-9d)
Edema Oculonasal discharge Conjuncitivits |
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The respiratory/arteritis form of EVA typically has what two "presentations"?
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subclinical
acute |
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What's the mortality rate of respiratory/arteritis form of EVA?
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low
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Which form(s) of EVA usually go undiagnosed?
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respiratory
arteritis |
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What part of gestation is often affected by the abortion form of EVA?
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3-10m of gestation
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What virus other and EVA can cause abortion? When does it most likey affect gestation?
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EHV-1 (sometimes EHV-4)
late in gestation |
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How long after infection with EVA will the mare abort?
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shortly
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What CS are you likely to see in the EVA infected mare? (4)
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fever, anorexia, retained placenta, post-partum metritis
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What lesion is pathognemonic on the fetus to EVA?
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necrosis of media of small muscular arteries
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How is EVA transmitted between horses?
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Venerally b/w (+) stud to mare (regardless of breeding route, i.e. live cover, frozen, or chilled semen)
(+) mares can spread to other mares via aerosolization or direct contact Thus, causing abortions in those mares |
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What is the incidence of EVA dependant on?
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breed - more prevalent in throughbred and standardbreds
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To use virus isolation for EVA Dx where would you collect a specimen from for the mare? stallion? abortus?
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mare - nasopharyngeal, blood
stud - VI from semen Abortus - fetus/placenta |
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What is the treatment for EVA in the respiratory/arteritis form?
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supportive care
min complications |
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What are the consequences of EVA infection for the stallion?
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decreased semen quality
no long term effects on fertility CARRIER FOR LIFE |
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Natural infection of EVA will create __ __ immunity. This is very different than which Clostridium?
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life-long
Clostridium botulium |
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What type of vacc should be used for naive EVA populations? Pros (2)/Cons (2)
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MLV
Pros - protects against clincial dz, reduces viral shedding Cons - not 100% efficacious, must know vacc status before vacc b/c they will test postive after vacc |
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Is it important to know the EVA status of a stallion even when using chilled/frozen semen?
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YES - transmitted then too
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When should a mare be vaccinated for EVA?
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b4 preg d/t possibly of vacc causing abortion
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What is the etiologic genus of EIA? what is the family?
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Lentivirus
Retroviridae |
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Who does EIA affect?
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all equidae - horses, donkeys, mules, wild equidae
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What are the CS of EIA? (5) Which one may or may not be present (that you wouldn't expect)?
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Recurrent episodes of fever
+/- Anemia Icterus Depression Weight loss |
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What are the 3 clinical staging of EIA?
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Acute
Subacute Chronic |
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What clinical pathology might you expect from an EIA + horse?
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Anemia (depending on the stage)
Thrombocytopenia Hyperglobulinemia |
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How is EIA transmitted? (3)
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biting insects - esp Tabanids (horseflies)
Iatrogenic Transplacental |
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What is the main natural vector of EIA? How long does it survive in them and where?
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Tabanids - horse flies
30m-2h in their mouthparts |
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What is the gold standard test for EIA? What is it? What does it detect? Why is the gold standard? How can you get false (+)s?
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Coggins Test
Agar Gel Immunodiffusion Assay Detects serum ABs Highly sensitive and specific False (+) = testing prior to AB production, foals d/t colostral intake |
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What is your "emergency coggins test"?
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ELISA Test
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Tx of EIA?
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NONE!!!!!!!!
Lifetime carrers and threat to other horses! |
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Control of EIA? (3)
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Annual Coggins Test - if the horse leaves the property it should have a neg Coggins, DEF prior to any sale
Positive Horses - Euthanize Isolate in screened stalls or state specified isolation facilities 200yards from other horses |
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What are the presention/CS of Brucella Abortus in Food Animal? Equine
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Food Animal -
Reproductive problems like abortions Lameness Mastitis Orchitis Equine - mainly fistulous withers |
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BA:
What is Fistulous Withers? What other factors maybe involved? |
Inflammatory condition of the Supraspinous bursa (T2-T5)
Other factors- trauma and other bacteria like Onchocerca cervicalis |
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How is BA Dx mostly made? What else can be done to confirm?
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CS
Confirm - radiographs to determine osteomyolitis acute and convalescent serum titers culture, but brucella requires special media and growth conditions (be sure to communicate to the lab) |
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What is the greatest concern for Brucella Abortus?
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ZOONOSIS
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Tx of BA (4)
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Surgical Drainage
NSAIDS Antimicrobials (based on sensitivity) ELU of vacc? |
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Is rotavirus a DNA or RNA virus?
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RNA
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Is rotavirus species specific?
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yes
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How many groups of rotavirus are identified? how many have been detected in horses? what is it called? what do they cause?
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A-G (7)
1 A cause diarrhea in LA |
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How Group A serotypes are there? Which is the primary equine Rotavirus? How many subtypes does it have?
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14 (G1-G14)
G3 2 subtypes |
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T/F
Rotavirus is not a common cause of diarrhea in neonates? |
T
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T/F
Rotavirus has a high motality, low morbidity. |
F
high morbidity low mortality |
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Do all rotavirus effected foals have screaming, angry diarrhea requiring tx?
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no - variable
some mild cases require no tx |
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What is the typical signalment and hx for a Rotavirus case?
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Young Foal (2-6d)
watery to pasty diarrhea anorexia depression/dehydration |
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How long is rotavirus shed after recovery?
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3d
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How can foals become infected with Rotavirus?
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Adults - exposed and can intermittently shed virus in feces
Can survive in environment for long periods of time Foals become infected from environment (depends on dose, immunity, stress) Affected foals can become source for other foals |
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How to Dx rotavirus? (5)
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seriel fecal tests
latex agglutinatiom ELIZA = Rotazyme EM Serology |
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Tx of Rotavirus (5)
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Supportive
Fluid/Electrolyte Replacement Protectant/Absorbent Products Anti-ulcer medication +/- NSAIDS |
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Control of Rotavirus (2)
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Vacc - mare to prove iatogenic immunity
Environment - phenolic compounds, resistant to many cleanign compounds |
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What is the primary pathogen of Stangles?
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Streptococcus equi sub. equi
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What is the pathogen the is considered a normal inhabitant of equine resp tract?
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Streptococcus zooepidemicus
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Does Strangles require a previous viral infection?
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no
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Strangles results in URT infections including lymph node __.
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abscesstion
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Who is most likely to be affected by Stranlges? (2)
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young horses (1-5ys)
Immunocompromised adults |
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Describe morbidity and mortality?
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High Morbidity
Low Mortality |
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Why is "Strangles" considered a bad word in the equine world?
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EXTREMELY CONTAGIOUS
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3 types of Strangles
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Typical
Bastard Purpura Hemorrhagica |
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What is often the 1st CS of Typical Strangles? What are the others (4)
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Fever
Nasal discharge (muccoid to purulent) Difficulty swallowing Swelling/abscesstion of lymph nodes Can result in respiratory distress |
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How long is Strangles incubation period?
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3-14d
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How long is a course of typical strangle? How long can they shed the virus?
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20d
Shed for 6+ weeks, but can have silent carriers |
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Describe bastard strangles
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Dissemination of S. equi throughout the body - usually abdominal and thoracic, occasionally bone, brain, ect
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Waht are the CS of bastard strangles?
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Variable - weight loss, fever, colic, neuro
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Px for Bastard Strangles?
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Poor
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Describe Purpura Hemorrhagica Strangles
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Aseptic vasculitis
Type III immune response (AB-AG) |
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CS of Purpura Hemorrhagica Strangles (3)
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Edema
Sloughing skin Petechia |
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How can Purpura Hemorrhagica Strangles be induced? (2)
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natural
vacc |
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Describe the Ab titer to M protein ratio with Purpura Hemorrhagica Strangles
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High
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What's the #1 DDx for submandibular or retropharyngeal lymph node abscessation?
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STRANGLES
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How Dx strangles?
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Culture of abscess or pharyngeal swab
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T/F It is more difficult to get a culture for a Bastard Strangles case than a Typical Strangles case?
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T
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Dx of Purpura Hemorrhagica Strangles
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Hx & CS, skin biopsy of affect area may show immune complexes
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Treatment for Strangles?
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NSAIDS
AB - controversial, depends on stage and severity |
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Prevention of Strangles (4)
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Intranasal Vacc - fast local immunity
Previously infected horses = good immunity Quarantine all new horses 21d Isolate all infected horses Disinfection, fomites, handles |
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Is Rhodococcus equi an anaerobic or aerobic? gram + or -? how would you describe its morphology
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Aerobic
Gram + Pleomorphic cocci |
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How old are foals typically affected by R. equi?
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6w-6m
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What is the usual presenting complaint for R. equi?
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fever or ADR
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What is the usual pathology of R. equi foal respiratory tract?
What CS can be seen occassionally? |
subacute to chronic supportative bronchopneumonia with extensive abscessation
GI and Soft Ts infections, uveitis, and immune mediated polyartheritis |
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How are foals exposed to R. equi? Where does it survive once inside the body?
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Ingestion or inhalation of organism from the environment
Survives with macrophages |
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T/F R. equi has both virulent and avirulent strains.
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T
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What are the virulence factors of R. equi? (4)
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plasmid
enzymes (cholesterol oxidase, phospholipase C) mycolic acid containing cell wall polysaccharide capsule which inhbits phagocytosis |
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Is R. Equi infections common in adults? When are they found?
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No
Immunocompromised |
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Why is it important to Dx R. Equi before Tx?
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Tx is very specific
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How do you Dx R. equi?(3) Once, found on a farm how can you Dx add'l cases? (3)
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Tracheal Wash (gramstain, culture, sensitivity)
Thoracic Radiographs (abscesses) Immunologic Testing Temp, CBC, Fibrinogen |
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What is the gold standard tx of R. equi? Why must it be given this way? How is it administered? What is 2 negatives?
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Erythromycin & Rifampin
Synergistic, abcess formation Orally $$$$$$$$$$ + can cause colitis in mares |
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How to prevent R. equi?
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Hyperimmune serum
Environmental Factors - decrease dust, decrease stocking density |
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What is the genus and species of the organism that causes Potomac Horse Fever?
What should you NOT get it confused with? |
Neorickettsia risticii
Ehrlichia equi - causes Equine Ehrlichiosis |
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What is another name for PHF?
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Equine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis
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Is there a typical sex, age, breed predilection for PHF?
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No
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When is PHF most likly to occur?
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late summer early fall
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Transmission of PHF appears to involve __ from freshwater snails?
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trematodes
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T/F Horses can have subclinical infections or be seropositive with no clinical signs
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T
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What are the CS of PHF? (5)
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fever
depression anorexia diarrhea laminitis |
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What's the typically clinicopathology of PHF? (3)
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leukopenia (early)
leukocytosis electrolyte dyscrazias |
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You are presented with a horse who has fever + founder in Oct. What's your primary DDx? What if it is fever + diarrhea in Oct?
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PHF
PHF |
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What usually actually "kills" PHF horses?
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laminitis, founder
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DDx for PHF (3)
What helps you rule out dzs |
salmonella, clostridial dz, parasites
CS, time of year, clinicopath, response to tx, lab testing (serology, isolation, pcr) |
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Prevention of PHF (2)
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infection-induced immunity
killed vaccine available, questionable efficacy |
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What is the most commonly diagnosied cause of diarrhea in the horse?
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Salmonella
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Is Salmonella gram (+) or (-)? facultative aerobe or facultative anaerobe?
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-
facultative anaerobe |
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What is the most common serotype of Salmonella is Group __, which includes ______ (most pathogenic)
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B
S. typhimurum |
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What percent of horses are subclinical carriers of Salmonella?
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10-20%
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Can Salmonella be shed by other mammals and poultry?
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yes
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4 CS of Salmonella
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inapparent infections (carriers)
sick w/o diarrhea (depression, fever, anorexia, neutropenia) fulminate diarrhea (fever, anorexia, toxic mm, neutropenia, electrolyte losses, hypoproteinemai, endotoxemia) septicemia (esp foals) |
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Salmonella have flagella and surface antigens. What are their functions?
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adhesion to mucosa faclitated by motility
surface (O) antigen and fembriae allow for attachment to host receptor cells |
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How does Salmonella penetrate and survive?
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invasion
multiply intracellularly access MACs n intestinal wall and live phagolysome |
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T/F Horses are very sensitive to Salmonella endotoxin
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T
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What route are horses infected wtih Salmonella?
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fecal-oral
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What are the 4 predisposing factors of Salmonella?
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Hospitalization
Antimicrobial therapy Stress (transport) GI Sx |
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Salmonella persists in a variety of cells, esp __
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MACs
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DDx for Salmonella (3)
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PHF, clostridial dz, parasites
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How do you Dx Salmonella initally? What should you do now? How do you confirm Dx?
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CS - fever, neutropenia, diarrhea
ISO Fecal culture (blood if systemic), 5 serial fecal cultures b/c its not constantly shed PCR - but picks up both dead and live bacteria |
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Whats the Tx for Salmonella?
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Supportive -
fluid & electrolyte replacement as needed NSAIDS +/- Abs - usually only very ill neonates Anti-endotoxin tx (hyperimmune serum, polymixicin B) |
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How do you prevent Salmonella?
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ISO of animal w/diarrhea
Prevent high risk patients w/n hospital from contacting low risk patients Min AB use, general anesthesia, and transport |
