Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
what is the route of ingesta
|
stomach
duodenum jejunum ileum (ileocecal valve) cecum (cecocolic orifice) right ventral colon (sternal flexure) left ventral colon (pelvic flexure) left dorsal colon (diaphragmatic flexure) right dorsal colon transverse colon small colon rectum |
|
|
what is the first structure visualized when you open up a horse with a ventral midline incision
|
cecum
|
|
|
what is the lateral band of the cecum called
|
cecocolic fold
|
|
|
what does the cecocolic fold attach
|
cecum to lateral free band of right ventral colon
|
|
|
how many bands does the cecum have
|
4
|
|
|
which bands of the cecum have blood supply
|
lateral and medial bands
|
|
|
which band of the cecum is continous with the cecocolic fold
|
lateral band
|
|
|
which band of the cecum is continous with the ileoceclal fold
|
dorsal band
|
|
|
what is a another name for the gastrosplenic ligament
|
lesser omentum
|
|
|
does it matter if you touch the pancreas of the horse during surgery
|
surprisingly no
|
|
|
true or false, the iluem isnt very muscual
|
false it is, it has two layers of muscle
|
|
|
where does fermentation start in the intestines
|
the cecum and right ventral colon
|
|
|
what is on the left side of the abdomen
|
LVC and LDC :)
|
|
|
how can you exteriorize the LVC and the LDC
|
by grasping the pelvic flexure
|
|
|
is the pelvic flexure fixed
|
nope, the RDC and the RVC are
|
|
|
what are CS of colic
|
colic. kicking at belly, pawing, laying down, looking at sides, curling lip, playing in water, grinding teeth, refusing feed, change in attitude, decreased fecal output
|
|
|
what are signs of severe, acute colic
|
down and rolling, evidence the horse has rolled, breathing hard, sweating, abdominal distention (bloating)
|
|
|
what are CS of GI dz
|
abnormal feces (amount/ consistency)
wt. loss dysphagia |
|
|
how will you diagnotically evaluate the GIT
|
thorough PE
signalment historical factors minimun data base CBC Chem U/A urinalysis |
|
|
when doing a rectal exam what is important to do
|
restrain properly
can use a good man with a twitch chemical restraint (alpha 2's, parasympatholytics) wrap the tail copious lubrication |
|
|
what is a huge problem when doing rectal exams
|
rectal tearing!
|
|
|
what do you do when you cause a rectal tear in a horse
|
sedate the horse (AVOID ACEPROMAZINE)
caudal epidural (xylazine + lidocaine) bare-armed rectal exam systemic Abx + NSAIDs prevent tear from getting worse (rectal tampon, purse string suture anus) |
|
|
how do you improve survival rates of a horse with a rectal tear
|
refer EARLY
|
|
|
what does a grade I rectal tear involve
|
mucosa + submucoa
|
|
|
how do you treat a grade 1 rectal tear
|
medical management
Abx NSAIDs laxatives pelleted diet-softened monitor closely for signs of fever, LPS, dyschezia |
|
|
where do rectal tears usually occur, dorsally or ventrally
|
dorsally
|
|
|
what does a grade II rectal tear involve
|
muscularis only
|
|
|
how are you going to treat a grade II rectal tear
|
may not require treatment
can predispose to rectal impactions |
|
|
which grade can a rectal tear II progess into
|
a IV
|
|
|
which layers does a grade III rectal tear involve
|
all layers except for serosa
|
|
|
how do you treat a grade III rectal tear
|
it is life-threatening
you need prompt therapy IV abx (penicillin/gentocin/ metronidazole) anti-endotoxemic tx tetanus prophylaxis rectal packing |
|
|
what are two things you can do medically and 2 things you can do surgically to manage a grade III rectal tear
|
periotoneal paracentesis.
abdominal lavage rectal liner loop colostomy |
|
|
what does a grade IV rectal tear involve
|
its life threatening
typically fatal due to overwhelming fecal contamination of abdomen few reports of survival euthanasia |
|
|
what is normal peritoneal fluid in a horse
|
clear transudate fluid
straw to yellow color TP <2.0 g/ dl WBC < 5000 |
|
|
what does it mean if you have serosanguinous peritoneal fluid
|
bowel devitaliation, splenic puncture, SQ blood vessel
|
|
|
what does it mean if you have green fluid from your peritoneal fluid
|
eneterocentesis
bowel rupture |
|
|
what does it mean if you have orange fluid from your perioteal fluid
|
peritonitis
|
|
|
what is another test you can run that will tell if you have septic or non-septic peritoneal fluid
|
peritoneal fluid vs. serum blood gas
perioteneal < 50 points lower than that of serum bld glc elevated lactate very low pH |
|
|
what is a contraindication of using laprascopy?
|
you have to use CO2 to distend the abomen, so watch for adverse signs
|
|
|
what can't you use to image the stomach?
|
radiography in lg horses (can use for small)
CT/ MRI you can't fit them into the machine |
|
|
what is a great way to see into any horse stomach?
|
ultrasound
|
|
|
what is the relationship between mHz and how deep you can see in the abdomen
|
the lower the mHz, the deeper you can see into the abdomen
|
|
|
what cant you see with ultrasound
|
the small colon
|
|
|
where is the stomach located
|
left side
9-13 ICS |
|
|
what is going to cause variable echogenicity in the horse stomach
|
gas/fluid/mucus
|
|
|
where is the duodenum located in the abdomen
|
right side of the abdomen, ventral to caudal pole of right kidney, caudal to the liver
|
|
|
what is scintigraphy used for
|
mostly bones
|
|
|
how to you image the large colon and cecum, in which direction
|
from right to left body wall
|
|
|
when you take a biopsy, where are you going to take it from, how thick will it be and which procdure will you use
|
ventral midline celiotomy, full thickness and use laparoscopy
|
|
|
how do you get a mucosal biopsy of the stomach
|
via endoscopy
|
|
|
when do you perform adsorption tests
|
when there is chronic wt. loss
|
|
|
how do you perfom adsorption tests
|
fast the horse for 18-24 hours
administer 10% of d-xylose/ d-glucose take blood samples plot curve peak "inverted v: b/t 60-120 min. |
|
|
is gastric reflux normal in a horse
|
no
|
|
|
how do you know if your stomach tube is in the esophagus
|
watch the tube go down the esophagus
neg. pressure when you inhale on the tube auscult gas bubbles when air is forced into the tube |
