Equine Foot And Distal Limb Conditions

Front 1

A degenerative condition of the frog characterized by black necrotic odoriferous material.

Back 1

THRUSH - definition

Front 2

What disease would you trim all abnormal frog so that it can be easily cleaned?

Back 2

THRUSH

Front 3

Bruising of the sole at the angle of the wall and the bar - usually a front foot problem.

Back 3

CORNS - definition
(bruising of the sole in any other area = sole bruise)

Front 4

Which condition causes a significant decrease in lameness following a palmar digital nerve block?

Back 4

CORNS

Front 5

Etiology of CORNS

Back 5

Improper shoeing or leaving shoes on for an extremely long period of time. Heels of shoe apply pressure to the sole rather than hoof wall.

Front 6

What kind of shoes could you use for CORNS to minimize pressure on sensitive tissue?

Back 6

wide web shoe or a bar shoe

Front 7

NSAID and rest - of value
NSAID and work - markedly prolongs the problem
Which Condition?

Back 7

CORNS

Front 8

Like corns, but involving any area of the sole except the angle of the wall and bar.

Back 8

BRUISED SOLES - definition

Front 9

These conditions causes reduced lameness with a heel block and usually soundness with a foot block.

Back 9

CORNS, BRUISED SOLES, PEDAL OSTEITIS

Front 10

Radiographs taken if condition has progressed to pedal osteitis.

Back 10

BRUISED SOLES (name a way to diagnose if it may have progressed to pedal osteitis)

Front 11

How do you manage BRUISED SOLES?

Back 11

Rest & NSAIDs, Wide web shoe (axial side thinned & clean daily), and Pads sometimes recommended

Front 12

What kind of animals need prevention from BRUISED SOLES and PEDAL OSTEITIS?

Back 12

Animals worked on rough terrain, and/or used in endurance competition are prone to these diseases.

Front 13

An inflammatory condition involving the third phalanx that has resulted in a loss of bone density in P3.

Back 13

PEDAL OSTEITIS - definition

Front 14

PEDAL OSTEITIS caused by:

Back 14

Sever sole bruising, laminitis, chronic subsolar abscess - Etiology

Front 15

The MOST COMMON cause of LAMENESS. (anytime an animal is lame, this should be ruled out)

Back 15

SUB SOLAR ABSCESS (most common cause of what?)

Front 16

An abscess under the sole of the foot.

Back 16

SUB SOLAR ABSCESS - definition

Front 17

What shoes can be used for BRUISED SOLES and PEDAL OSTEITIS?

Back 17

Wide web shoe with axial border thinned to prevent contact with the sole.

Front 18

What lameness condition is this:
- Usually severe but can be mild
- Most times very acute lameness
- If no established drainage, wounds close to white line occurs at the coronary band ("gravel")
-Wounds of frog or close to it, drain at heel.

Back 18

SUB SOLAR ABSCESS - clinical signs

Front 19

This condition needs ventral drainage of abscess, by a hole in the sole or wall.

Back 19

SUB SOLAR ABSCESS - management

Front 20

Treat SUB SOLAR ABSCESSES by using this hypertonic solution + mild antiseptic in water. Drainage is key to success. Tetanus prophylaxis is advisable.

Back 20

MAGNESIUM SULFATE

Front 21

What kind of horse is at risk associated with shoeing and contracting a SUB SOLAR ABSCESS?

Back 21

Fractious animals with thin hoof walls.

Front 22

Marked difference in the length of the hoof wall at the heels resulting in variation of the pressure applied to each side of the foot.

Back 22

SHEARED HEELS OR WRY HEELS - definition

Front 23

This is only of significance if there is a lameness (prognosis fair).

Back 23

SHEARED HEELS OR WRY HEELS -only significant when?

Front 24

If animal is lame with wry heels what should be done?

Back 24

Balance the foot (trim) or apply a bar shoe and trim.

Front 25

The heels are closer together than normal.

Back 25

CONTRACTED HEELS - definition

Front 26

What do you do for TX of CONTRACTED HEELS?

Back 26

Proper trim, shoe wider at the quarters and heels and with the heel slightly extended, apply slipper shoes. Severe Cases: Thinning quarters, or grooving.

Front 27

Use of this, with horses that need to have a long foot (gaited horses) help to prevent CONTRACTED HEELS.

Back 27

Chadwick spring

Front 28

NAVICULAR DISEASE is a complex syndrome involving the navicular apparatus that is made up of the...

Back 28

Navicular bone, Collateral ligaments of the nav. bone, Distal sesamoidean ligamant (impar), Navicular bursa, DDFT, Distal annular ligament

Front 29

This disease is most commong in 4-9 year-old quarter horse geldings.

Back 29

NAVICULAR DISEASE - common in...

Front 30

What two blocks can help diagnose NAVICULAR DISEASE?

Back 30

Palmar Digital (Heel) and Coffin Joint (Distal Interphalangeal Joint) nerve block.

Front 31

T/F - Many animals with radiographic changes, are sound.

Back 31

True

Front 32

Typical radiographic signs of NAVICULAR DISEASE

Back 32

Cone - normal channels
Lollipop - vascular channels on distal border.
Spurs or periosteal proliferation on lateral borders of navicular bone (where suspensory lig. attach to the nav. bone).

Front 33

T/F - If animal does not have to perform athletically, no treatment is necessary for NAVICULAR DISEASE.

Back 33

True

Front 34

In shoeing for this condition, evaluate foot balance/conformation, trim foot and/or shod to maximize heel expansion and aid in break over, consider egg bar shoes to minimize pressure.

Back 34

NAVICULAR DISEASE - management

Front 35

NAVICULAR DISEASE - therapies which do not decrease nerve conduction

Back 35

Phenylbutazone, Isoxsuprine hydrochloride (increase blood flow as a result of vasodilation), Sodium hyluronate (I.S/I.V), Intra-articular corticosteroid therapy, Intra-bursal inj. of corticosteroids...and more.

Front 36

NAVICULAR DISEASE - therapies which decrease nerve conduction temporarily (3-6 mo's)

Back 36

Ethyl Alcohol - only following surgically exposing nerve and injecting under the neurolemma, Sarapin (Pitcher plant extract) with corticosteroids, Cobra venom, Percutaneous freezing of palmar d. nerves

Front 37

NAVICULAR DISEASE - other therapies

Back 37

Dicumerol (not anymore), Pentoxyfylline and propentofylline (improve circulation - not proven), Tiludronate - alters bone remodeling

Front 38

Surgical method of NAVICULAR DISEASE

Back 38

Palmar Digital Neurectomy (oldest method), Desmotomy of the suspensory (collateral) ligaments of the navicular bone, Perivascular sympathectomy and fasciolysis

Front 39

Humburg's recommendation for aftercare with a Palmar Digital Neurectomy

Back 39

Stall rest for one month. After sutures are removed (10 days) apply DMSO + steroid to incision sites daily and keep bandage on for month

Front 40

T/F Navicular disease can be cured.

Back 40

False - It CANNOT be cured, but many animals will be able to continue in use for several years following initial therapy.

Front 41

Four types of NAVICULAR BONE FRACTURES

Back 41

Avulsion, frontal, comminuted, and simple body fractures

Front 42

T/F Fractures are quite rare in NAVICULAR BONE FRACTURES

Back 42

TRUE

Front 43

Cause of NAVICULAR BONE FRACTURES

Back 43

TRAUMA is number one, also, excessive and repetitive loading, sometimes associated with chronic navicular disease

Front 44

How do you DX NAVICULARE BONE FRACTURES?

Back 44

MARKED increase in pain and lameness on turning, marked reaction to normal physicals, nerve blocks, radiographs are DEFINITIVE

Front 45

How do you manage NAVICULAR BONE FRACTURES?

Back 45

Conservative: Elevated bar shoe, Fiberglass cast with limb in marked flexion
Surgical: Insertion of a lag screw
All of these are between 4 and 8 months of rest.

Front 46

Conservative mgmt is guarded for pleasure horse riding.
Surgical mgmt guarded for athletic competition. Which is this?

Back 46

NAVICULAR BONE FRACTURES

Front 47

Prevent Palmar Digital Nerve regrowth in a number of ways...

Back 47

guillotine, electrocoagulation, EPINEURAL SHEATHING, cutting with laser, drilling hole in prox. phalanx nerve end in the hole, or the two incision technique.

Front 48

CHRONIC LAMINITIS

Back 48

Chronic to Acute foot pain associated with prolonged abnormalities in the lamina

Front 49

Seldom if ever involves only the rear feet...

Back 49

CHRONIC LAMINITIS

Front 50

Signs of marked evidence of foot pain in CHRONIC LAMINITIS

Back 50

Reluctance to move, Increased reluctance to turn, Increased digital pulse, Animal resists picking up a foot, Marked reaction to hoof testers, Marked reaction to tapping on the foot

Front 51

Management of CHRONIC LAMINITIS

Back 51

NSAIDs, Maintain normal blood pressure, NURSING CARE - comfortable stall like straw or peat moss, BUT NOT PINE SHAVINGS, sheet or blanket to reduce irritation of stall bedding, adequate feed

Front 52

In CHRONIC LAMINITIS, what two surgical procedures can be done for a DDF tenotomy?

Back 52

1. At midmetacarpus - no sheath removal, lateral edge of DDF tendon incision.
2. Midpastern on the palmar part of pastern. Incise through tendon sheath here. Tendon ends separate farther here than midmetacarpus.

Front 53

If an animal has a subsolar abscess that is drained and there is still a significant lameness think about possible involvement of the _____ _____.

Back 53

NAVICULAR BURSA

Front 54

Which fracture of the phalanx should you not do a nerve block on for a routine lameness exam?

Back 54

First phalanx - since this might cause a complete breakdown of the bone

Front 55

True/False - Animals with CRANIAL PROXIMAL OSTEOCHONDRAL BORDER FRACTURES OF THE 1ST PHALANX are usually able to return to their previous level of performance.

Back 55

TRUE

Front 56

What block is done to check for SESAMOIDITIS?

Back 56

Low 4-point block

Front 57

Name the condition: Firm enlargement on the dorsal aspect of the metacarpal phalangeal joint.

Back 57

CHRONIC PROLIFERATIVE SYNOVITIS "VILLANODULAR SYNOVITIS"

Front 58

Many times there is what on the dorsal aspect of the distal metacarpus adjacent to synovial mass?

Back 58

bone lysis

Front 59

T/F - The use of an arthroscope to remove the synovial mass is the BEST type of management.

Back 59

TRUE

Front 60

What is the prognosis of synovitis? (of the fetlock)

Back 60

80% success with primary and secondary depends on the primary problem.

Front 61

T/F - Casts or splints are indicated for ANGULAR LIMB DEFORMITIES when there is weakness of supporting structures.

Back 61

FALSE - They are not indicated because some degree of tension is necessary to strengthen the structures.

Front 62

Should the foot be incorporated with hypoplastic carpal bones in a cast or splint?

Back 62

NO - the ligaments will weaken and the horse will walk on it's fetlock if that were the case.

Front 63

How do you manage CONGENITAL FLEXURAL DEFORMITIES?

Back 63

OXYTETRACYCLINE i.v. and SPLINTS

Front 64

What condition is this? Break down injury where the suspensory apparatus has been destroyed (ses. bones usu. fractured).

Back 64

ARTHRODESIS OF THE FETLOCK JOINT

Front 65

At what age would you see an AQUIRED FLEXURAL DEFORMITY where the metacarpal bone grows faster or the animal doesn't bear normal weight on the limb and consequently the tendons become shorter.

Back 65

< 5 months of age

Front 66

The primary growth after 5 months occurs where, to cause an ACQUIRED FLEXURAL DEFORMITY if the bone grows rapidly or less weight is on it?

Back 66

distal radial physis

Front 67

How would you correct for CLUB FOOT in the case of shoeing?

Back 67

Shorten the heels and extend the toe - increases tension on the DDF tendon.

Front 68

How would you correct for an upright pastern and hyperflexion of the fetlock?

Back 68

Elevate the heel and extend the toe - takes pressure off the DDF tendon and increases the tension on the SDF tendon.

Front 69

What two conditions in the course do could we do a DDF Tenotomy or an Inferior Check Ligament Desmotomy?

Back 69

CHRONIC LAMINITIS and ACQUIRED FLEXURAL DEFORMITIES (club foot)

Front 70

In the Superior Check Lig. Desmotomy, what side do you suture the tendon sheath, SQ tissue, and skin?

Back 70

Medial side

Front 71

In doing the Sup. Check Lig Desmotomy for a HYPERFLEXED FETLOCK AND STRAIGHT PASTERN what can you do postoperatively?

Back 71

Encourage exercise (NSAIDs), hold one leg up and encourage the horse to hop to provide max. sress on the involved tendon, response not as dramatic as inf. check lig. desm.

Front 72

METACARPAL/TARSAL CONDYLAR FRACTURE

Back 72

Fracture most commonly involves the LATERAL CONDYLE of the distal metacarpal or metatarsal condyles.

Front 73

T/F - Lateral MC/T condylar fractures seldom extend up the metacarpus/tarsus, while Medial fractures commonly extend up and may result in complete disruption of the MC/T.

Back 73

TRUE

Front 74

Two or Three compression screws for internal fixation should be placed for what type of condylar fracture?

Back 74

Lateral condylar fractures that are NOT DISPLACED

Front 75

T/F - It is very common to have sagittal or spiral fractures extending proximally in MEDIAL CONDYLAR FRACTURES.

Back 75

TRUE

Front 76

Best approach if there is dorsal extension of a MEDIAL CONDYLAR FRACTURE.

Back 76

Apply TWO BONE PLATES

Front 77

Prognosis of Metacarpal/Tarsal Condylar Fractures.

Back 77

Lateral Nondisplaced - 70-80% full use, Lateral Displaced - 50 race again and Metatarsal has better prognosis,
Medial - variable

Front 78

After horses (TB & QH) have been conditioned and have been racing for 6-8 months, they do not develop this condition.

Back 78

DORSAL METACARPAL DISEASE - "BUCKED SHINS"

Front 79

What is most effective in decreasing "Bucked Shins"?

Back 79

Increased number of sessions in which the horse goes at racing speed (breezing). A mixture of this and jogging/galloping is helpful.

Front 80

"Bucked Shins" initially needs rest, physical therapy, and anti-inflammatory drugs. After the horse is no longer sore, they must _______.

Back 80

Resume training and reduce amount of total work with greater emphasis on work at racing speed.

Front 81

Treatment of stress fractures of shins (anterior lateral aspect)

Back 81

Time and rest, cortical drilling - OSTEOSTIXIS, screw placement. Both osteostixis and screw placement is more effective.

Front 82

SPLINT BONES classic case responds well to _____ _____.

Back 82

Stall rest

Front 83

Why do animals over the age of 4 not routinely develop classical SPLINTS?

Back 83

The interosseus ligament ossifies at 4 years of age.

Front 84

Removal of what part of the fractured splint bone is usually successful in reducing the amount of time to return to soundness?

Back 84

Distal fragment of Splint Bone (reduces the recovery time). Stall rest is another option but longer recovery time.

Front 85

Possible bone plate and screws are needed for what splint bone fracture?

Back 85

2nd metacarpal proximal fracture

Front 86

T/F - For a fractured distal fragment of splint bone, remove both the periosteum and the fragment.

Back 86

TRUE

Front 87

T/F - If proximal MC II is fractured it is probably best to repair the fracture with a small bone plate with screws that do NOT engage the third metacarpal bone.

Back 87

TRUE

Front 88

What tendon is most commonly involved in "BOWED TENDONS"

Back 88

Superficial Digital Flexor Tendons

Front 89

Volar Annular Ligament

Back 89

Thickened area of the great digital sheath over the palmar/plantar aspect of the fetlock.

Front 90

With "BOWED TENDONS", division of the volar annular ligament is made. Where do you start the incision?

Back 90

Palpate the thickened area and make a skin incision proximal to the Volar Ann. Ligament.

Front 91

Tendon Splitting for "BOWED TENDONS" is another procedure but is not extremely effective. What is this procedure supposed to do?

Back 91

To increase blood flow to the injured area of the tendon.

Front 92

What are the three surgical procedures that can be utilized for "BOWED TENDONS"?

Back 92

1. Transection of the superior check ligament. 2. Division of the volar annular ligament. 3. Tendon splitting.

Front 93

Bapten

Back 93

Injected into tendon and for collagen repair.

Front 94

Initially only exercise animal up to a trot. Best gait is walk and trot for what condition?

Back 94

"BOWED TENDON"

Front 95

Nerve blocks are very difficult in this desmitis?

Back 95

Suspensory Desmitis - need a lot of nerve blocks.

Front 96

This condition is better than bowed tendons.

Back 96

Suspensory Desmitis.

Front 97

Management of SUSPENSORY DESMITIS

Back 97

Reset, NSAID, Splitting of fibers, Shock wave therapy, Injection of the origin with bone marrow. - Similar to Bowed Tendon treatment.