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147 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nutrients are found in:
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Dry matter
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What is in dry matter?
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Energy in the form of:
Protein, structural carbs, un-structured carbs, lipids, vitamins |
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Water is required in the horse's diet to...
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transport nutrients around the body
thermoregulation metabolism excretion of waste products gut function |
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Water makes up ____% of the body weight of:
a) foal b) adult horse |
a) 80%
b) 65-75% |
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Water requirements depend on:
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Age
Level of exercise Type of feed Environmental conditions |
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Water in food is referred to as:
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Moisture content
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Horses drink less water on which kind of diet?
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High moisture diet (mashes, soaked hay, etc.)
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Many feeds have a _______ moisture content.
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High
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Water requirements are affected by which environmental conditions?
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Humidity and temperature
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(DM)
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Dry Matter
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(BW)
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Body weight
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(CHO)
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Carbohydrate
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Carbohydrates consist of:
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Fibre
Starches Sugars |
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Example of structural carbs
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fibre
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Example of non-structural carbs
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Sugars
Fructan Starches |
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Describe Structural CHO
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Consists of fibrous fraction of plant
major source of energy structural role of the plant (stem, stalk) |
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What are the Cell Wall components of Structural CHO?
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Cellulose
Hemicellulose Pectin Legnin |
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The Large Intestine degrades what by microbes, and produced what:
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Structural CHO, or dietry fibre,
Creates VFA and gases. |
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Structural CHO is NOT digested in which part of the GIT?
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Small intestine.
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The following feeds are high in fibre:
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hay
grass sugar beet pulp straw |
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Which nutrient is negatively linked to digestibility, for its high resistance to chemical and microbial degradation?
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Lignin
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Lignin is closely related to what ailment?
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NSP Fraction
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As plants become more mature, the amount of ________ increases.
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Lignin
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Lignin is a ____________ polymer
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Non-CHO
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Hay and straw are ______ in Lignin
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rich/high
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When plant CHO and/or proteins bound to lignin, its digestibility rate ______________.
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Decreases.
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When hay is more 'stemmy', or there is more structural material, is the hay less mature or more mature?
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More mature.
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The more mature the hay (etc.), the _________ nutritional value.
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less.
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ADF
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Acid Detergent Fibre
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NDF
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Neutral Detergent Fibre
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Acid Detergent Fibre measures which cell wall components?
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Cellulose and Lignin
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Neutral Detergent Fibre consists of:
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The whole cell wall.
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Which are the two Storage CHO chloroplasts in forage crops?
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Fructan and starch
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Describe Fructan:
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Major storage CHO of grasses
Non-structural CHO Located primarily in stem Polymers of fructose Soluble in water Fermented in large intestine |
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Fructan cannot be broken down in the small intestine because:
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The horse has no enzymes to aid in digestion.
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Large amount of fructans cause:
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Digestive upset, or laminitis.
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What are simple sugars?
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Glucose
Fructose Sucrose |
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WSC Fraction
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Water Soluble CHO
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What does WSC Fraction consist of?
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Simple sugars combined with fructan.
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Simple sugars are stored in:
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Grasses
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WSC Fraction is a _________________ CHO.
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non-structural
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What is the relationship between rate of growth and amount of WSC?
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The faster the growth, the less WSC.
The slower the growth, the more WSC. |
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What is the relationship between time of day and amount of WSC?
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Early in the morning and late at night, the levels of WSC are lower than during the day.
WSC levels peak between 5-6pm |
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WSC levels decline during
a) lightness b) darkness |
Darkness
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WSC content is affected by:
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Temperature and light
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What are the environmental and management factors of WSC?
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Temperature- lower temperature means higher levels of WSC
Light intensity- more light means higher levels of WSC water stress- less water means higher levels of WSC fertilizer application- more fertilizer means lower levels of WSC cutting/mowing- more cutting/mowing means lower levels of WSC. |
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NSC
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Non-soluble CHO
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The major NSC found in plants is:
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Starch
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Examples of starch are:
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cereal grains
forage legumes roots and tubers leaves and stems of grass |
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Starch content varies with different plant species. Describe the amount of starch in:
a) Grasses b) Forage Legume c) Cereal grains |
a) little in leaves and stems
b) 5% of DM c) 40-70% of DM |
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Starch is digested in which part of GIT?
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Small Intestine.
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Starch is broken down by:
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Amylase into simple sugars.
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A horse's diet is typically low in
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Fats and oils
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Fats and oils are digested:
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in the small intestine by lipids
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Do horses require high levels of fats and oils in their diet?
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No but they can be added for increased energy
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Fats and oils have _____x as much energy as CHO
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2x
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Protein is required for which functions:
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Structural (hair, muscle, skin, etc.)
Enzymes Hormones Immune compounds, eg. fight infections Transport compounds, of nutrients |
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Describe Proteins
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Chains of amino acids, which are both essential and non essential
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Non essential amino acids
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synthesized by animal
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Essential amino acids
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need to be supplied in diet
–Lysine (first limiting: present in the least amount relative to requirement) – Methionine – Threonine – Isoleucine – Valine – Arginine – Tryptophan – Histidine – Phenylalanine |
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Protein breakdown begins where?
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In the stomach. Acid denatures the proteins
pepsin degrades proteins into smaller peptides. Protein broken down is used by the horse. |
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Protein is NOT absorbed in:
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the stomach
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Protein is further broken down where?
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Small intestine; proteases break down proteins to amino acids. Absorbed across gut wall.
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Remaining protein is fermented where, and is used by what?
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The large intestine via microbe digestion. Used by microbes, NOT the horse, for growth.
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Protein is associated with which component of the plant?
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Plant cell wall
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Minerals are required for what?
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Growth
Transport of energy Co-factors to enzymes |
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Minerals are mainly digested and absorbed in the
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small intestine
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The mineral phosphorus is mainly absorbed in the
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large intestine
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What are the two categories of minerals?
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Macro-minerals and trace minerals
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Describe Macro-minerals
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Required in large quantities (g/day)
Examples: – Calcium (Ca) – Phosphorus (P) – Sodium (Na) – Potassium (K) – Magnesium (Mg) – Sulphur (S) – Chloride (Cl) |
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Describe Trace-minerals
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Needed in very small quantities (mg/day)
Examples: – Cobalt (Co) – Copper (Cu) – Molybdenum (Mo) – Zinc (Zn) – Maganese (Mn) – Iron (Fe) – Floride (F) – Iodine (I) – Selenium (Se) – Chromium (Cr) |
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The amounts of minerals are important and should be in balanced ______
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ratios.
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Describe Vitamins
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Required in small amounts
Vital for many body functions: Vision, immunity, growth, bone development, blood clotting etc. Either fat soluble or water soluble |
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Fat Soluble Vitamins
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A,E,D,K
Absorbed and transported in blood |
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Water soluble Vitamins
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C,B
Dissolved easily in water Not stored |
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Vitamin C is synthesized where?
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In the liver
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What are two facts about Vitamin B?
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It needs to be supplied regularly
Product of microbial synthesis in large intestine but disruption to environment of LI may will affect this |
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1*
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Primary
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LAB
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Lactic acid bacteria
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NSP
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Non-starch polysaccharide
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P
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phosphorus
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_____________ makes up the high portion of diet for all equines.
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Forage
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How is Forage is obtained?
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Directly via grazing or conserved.
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A natural diet for horses consists of ____________ forage.
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low quality
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CP
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crude protein
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CF
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Crude fibre
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WSC
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Water soluble carbohydrate
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The amount of nutrition grass can provide depends on which factors?
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Environment
Time of Year Management of pasture Number of animals grazing |
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What are examples of conserved forage?
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– Hay
– Silage – Haylage – High‐temperature dried |
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The nutritive value of forage depends on:
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Soil
Stage of growth Environmental conditions Plant species |
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Nutritional quality and growth is higher in which seasons?
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Spring and Summer
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Equines eat about ____% of their body weight on a daily basis
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2%
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An acre of land can support how many animals in:
a) spring/summer b) fall/winter |
a) 3-4 in spring and summer
b) 1-2 in fall and winter |
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Conserved forage is required/necessary under which conditions?
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During fall/winter when grazing needs are not being met
When demand succeeds supply |
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The rule for conserved forage is:
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Preserve a product with HIGH digestible nutrients.
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Preservation quality directly relates to:
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Palatability
Longevity Nutritional quality Hygienic quality |
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What are the two methods of forage conservation?
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Removing excess water
- dried in a field, artificial dehydration Acidification in an anaerobic environment -fermentation |
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RAO
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Recurrent airway obstruction
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Dust is an example of:
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RAO.
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To reduce chance of RAOs, two methods to remove dust is:
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Steam
Soak |
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Two types of conserved haylage are
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Lucerne (Alfalfa)
Readigrass Alfalfa/Straw mix |
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The difference between haylage and silage is
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Dry Matter content.
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a) Common grains used are:
b) Other grains used are: |
a) Oats
Barley Maize b) Wheat Rye Sorghum Triticale |
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Describe Oats
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40% starch
Fibre is in the hull |
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Describe Barley
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55% starch
Higher energy than oats |
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Describe Maize
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70% starch
Needs to be processed Higher energy than barley or oats |
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Starch is completely digested, and does not affect the _______________. However it does affect the _____________________.
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Total Tract
Small Intestine |
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Cereal grains are processed for consumption in four ways:
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Simple:
Grinding Rolling Sophisticated: Micronisation- heat + mechanical pressure- infrared Extrusion- high temperature stream then rolled into flake |
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Cereal processing aids in digestion in two ways:
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Prevents grains from passing into LI.
Improves SI digestibility |
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How much starch can a 500kg horse have per meal?
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No more than 0.5 kg starch/meal
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The formula for calculating starch weight is:
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1.2kg * % of starch of grain = kgs of grain to be fed, max.
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Starch should be fed
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In moderation in small frequent meals.
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Cereal by products are poor quality due to a ________ amount of lignin, _______ amount of calcium, and __________ amount of phosphorous.
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high lignin
low calcium high phosphorous |
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Describe cereal by-products
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Can hold high amounts of H20
Good for administering medicine Palatable ex: wheatbran |
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Describe fibrous by-products
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Reside after extraction of sucrose (dried, shredded/pelleted, and molassas added or taken)
High fibre content High fibre digestibility Moderate crude protein content High calcium content ex: sugar beet pulp (soaked) |
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What is the equation to calculate the body weight of a horse?
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(Girth) squared x Length / 11,877
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When body scoring a horse, which parts are evaluated?
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– Loin
– Ribs – Tail head – Withers – Neck – Shoulders |
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An abundance or lack of nutrients causes what?
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Poor performance
Limited productivity Negative affects to health |
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What nutrients do pregnant mares require?
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Dense feeds (oils)
High protein feeds |
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Lactating mares need an _____________ of feed intake.
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Increase; up to 2.5% of body weight.
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Stallions require what during mating season?
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Increased vitamins and minerals
2-2.5% of body weight fed |
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Growing horses need to steadily increase in body weight and size, not experience a rapid growth rate. What is necessary to ensure this goal?
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Slowly introduce feeds at 3 months
Good quality grains Low starch Vitamins and minerals Quality forage |
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From age two onwards, what effects the amount of feed a horse receives?
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Work/Training
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Light work horses require what?
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2% of body weight
Possible supplements Good quality forage, which is 70% of their meal Low energy mix, sugar beet pulp, oil, alfalfa vitamins and minerals |
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1 Megajoule (MJ) is how many calories?
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239 calories.
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Describe the energy sources for horses.
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Fibre
-slow release of energy Starch -instant energy - can cause excitability OIl - slow release of energy less excitable behavior Must be introduced gradually (100ml/week) No more than 100ml/100kg BW should be added |
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Moderate work horses require what?
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2.25% of BW
Supplements Forage- 60-70% of meal Grains |
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Heavy work horses require what?
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2.5% of BW
Forage- 50-60% of meal Supplements Grains |
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VERY heavy work horses require what?
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2.25% of BW
Good quality forage- 50% of the meal Supplements Grains |
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The rules of feeding are:
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Feed little and often
Feed small amounts of concentrates Feed consistently Provide a good water source Check teeth Control parasites Monitor condition and weight Provide regular exercise Change things slowly over time. |
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Laminitis is seemingly caused by
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Putting horses on lush or stressed pasture, particularly in spring and summer.
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The specific trigger of Laminitis is
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High levels of Water Soluble Concentrate
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WSC (Water soluble concentrate) levels vary how often?
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Throughout the day
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High levels of WSC influence:
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increase of Insulin resistance
Insulin peaks Lowers threshold of laminitis |
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Which factors lower threshold of laminitis?
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High WSC levels
Obesity Generic predisposition |
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Regional adiposity in which area is linked to heart disease and diabetes?
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Crest
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Laminitis is also brought on by:
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Hyperinsulinemia
Hyperleptinemia |
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Obesity begins at which number on the Henneke body scale?
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8 through to 9. 7 is considered overweight
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True or false; not all horses/ponies that are obese develop laminitis.
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True
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True of false; all horses/ponies that are obese are insulin resistant.
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False.
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Ways to avoid laminitis?
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Avoid turning out at times when WSC is high.
Consider zero grazing/minimal grazing and substitute with dried forage. Allow to graze in young leafy pasture, not stemmy mature pasture. Grazing muzzles Mowing pasture regularly Turnout in an arena or drylot (with supplied dry forage) Rotate paddocks Avoid feeds that exasperate IR. Use oils instead of grain concentrates. If grains fed, process by cooking and restrict meal sizes NO sudden diet changes Regular exercise |
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Ways to manage Obesity?
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Less food, more exercise
Remove high calorie feeds from diet No feeding of treats Be realistic about workload Change diet gradually Develop weight maintenance program Remove from pasture and provide dry forage Grazing muzzle Weight tape horses |
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What are some causes of weight loss?
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Disease
Poor nutrition Mismanaged horses Poor absorption Excessive loss of nutrition Rough edges on teeth (prevent chewing) Not enough food |
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For a horse (without disease) what are ways to help horses gain weight?
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Increase forage or make changes to diet gradually over time
Increase fat content, decrease Non-Soluble Carbs (NSC) Small frequent meals |
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The three main diseases a horse can obtain that causes weight loss are:
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Cushings
Renal Hepatic |
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OA
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Onset arthritis
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What is the current level of WSC in forage for horses susceptible to laminitis?
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10%
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