Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are some indications for abdominocentesis?
|
Colic
Diarrhea Weight loss Fever of unknown origin |
|
|
List the steps of performing an abdominocentesis
|
-Sedate the patient
-Clip the surgical site -Rough prep -Lidocain injection -Sterile prep -Stab incision -Introduce teat canula or spinal needle -Collect abdominal fluid |
|
|
When you "pop" through the body wall with the teat canula, what two structures create the "pop"?
|
Internal rectus sheath
Peritoneum |
|
|
What kind of tube should you use to collect abdominal fluid?
|
Purple top EDTA tube for cytology.
Total nucleated cell count, differential nucleated cell count, total protein, cell morphology Additional measurements possible: lactate, glucose, pH |
|
|
Why would you collect abdominal fluid in a red top tube also?
|
Aerobic and anaerobic culture, sensitivity, gram stain
|
|
|
Normal values for abdominal fluid?
|
Straw colored, clear
<5,000-10,000 cells/ul (<1,500 cells/ul in foals) <80% neutrophils, >20% mononuclear cells <2.5 g/dl protein Slightly higher glucose concentration than plasma values Slightly lower lactate concentration than plasma values pH >7.5 |
|
|
What values would you see from abdominal fluid in a horse with strangulating colic?
|
Orange to red, possibly cloudy
>2.5 g/dl protein 5,000-50,000 cells/ul Lactate concentration >2x plasma values |
|
|
What values would you see from abdominal fluid in a horse with a non-strangulating colic?
|
Straw colored, clear
<2.5 g/dl protein 5,000-10,000 cells/ul Lactate concentration <2x plasma values, but elevated over plasma values |
|
|
What lab values would you see in abdominal fluid from a horse with septic peritonitis?
|
>20,000-50,0000 cells/ul
>80% neutrophils Glucose concentration decreased >50mg/l compared to plasma values pH <7.3 +/- bacteria |
|
|
What would abdominal fluid look like in a horse with bowel rupture?
|
Similar to septic peritonitis
+/- feed material |
|
|
What would the fluid look like if you did an accidental enterocentesis?
|
Greenish brown, turbid
+/- fermented odor Low protein concentration Low cell count Mixed population of bacteria, but few or no cells on microscopy +/- feed material, ciliated protozoa |
|
|
Abdominocentesis results in a horse with intra-abdominal hemmorhage?
|
Bloody
Sample PCV only slightly lower than peripheral PCV Differential leukocyte counts similar to peripheral counts No platelets Erythrophagocytosis if enough time has elapsed since bleeding started |
|
|
What would the fluid sample look like if you did an accidental splenic centesis?
|
Bloody, dark
Sample PCV greater than peripheral PCV |
|
|
At what point do you worry about blood contamination changing the results of your abdominocentesis?
|
Blood contamination doesn't impact results unless it is greater than 1/3 of the sample.
|
|
|
What treatment is needed if you perform an enterocentesis?
|
Abx for 3 days or more if clinical signs of peritonitis
Monitor temp, appetite, fecal output, mentation |
|
|
What treatment do you need to do if you accidental puncture the spleen while doing an abdominocentesis?
|
No treatment needed.
|
|
|
What do you do if cellulitls or an abscess forms at the abdominocentesis site?
|
Drain abscess, abx, NSAIDS, hydrotherapy
Due to contamination |
|
|
What is something you should be concerned about when doing abdominocentesis on a foal?
|
Omental herniateion
Usually after use of a teat canula, as opposed to needle |
|
|
How do you treat an omental herniation in a foal?
|
Sedate, scrub sterilely, resect omentum at body wall level, place antiseptic ointment and bandage, +/- abx
|
|
|
What are some indications for nasogastric intubation?
|
Colic
Choke Administration of fluids or nutrition |
|
|
In what direction do you direct the nasogastric tube while you are introducing it into the nostril?
|
Ventro-medially
|
|
|
What portion of the nasal passage do you want the tube to progress through?
|
Ventral meatus of the nasal cavity
|
|
|
What structure do you want to avoid when placing a nasogastric tube, in order to avoid giving it a nose bleed?
|
The ethmoturbinate
|
|
|
What position should the horse's head be in when you are placing a nasogastric tube?
|
The horses head should be flexed. If you have the head extended you are more likely to place the tube in the trachea.
|
|
|
What is the normal capacity of an equine stomach (1000 lb horse)?
|
10 l = 2.5 gal
|
|
|
How much fluid is safe to give to a 1000lb horse with colic? How often?
|
Up to 8 liters of fluid, up to every 2 hours
|
|
|
What should you use for rehydration via enteral fluids?
|
1st choice: Balanced electrolyte solution
2nd choice: Water |
|
|
What should you use for treatment of large colon impactions according to Dr. Zellmer?
|
Balanced electrolyte solution
Water MgS04 in water Mineral oil |
|
|
How should you treat epistaxis if it has not stopped after 15 minutes?
|
Sedate with xylazine
Spray epinephrine into ethmoid region without causing further trauma Pack nasal passage with gauze roll (+/- epinephrine soaked) |
|
|
What are two possible complications of nasogastric intubation?
|
Epistaxis
Pharyngeal/esophageal trauma |
|
|
Why would you do a nasolacrimal duct flush?
|
Ocular discharge without obvious cause
|
|
|
What medication can help in flushing a very clogged nasolacrimal duct?
|
Flush with a corticosteroid like dexamethasone
|
