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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Subtle positive signals.
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Ear movement, staightening of body, lowering head & neck, weight shift, leaning, reaching, difference in breathing, tension in mouth, licking, sighing.
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Because of monocular vision...
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must show everything to both sides of the horse.
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Manure eating of foals.
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Enables foal to populate intestines with bacteria necessary for digestion of forage.
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How horses like to be touched.
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Rubbing forehead, neck, withers, back, croup, chest.
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Sensitivity.
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Moves away from light irritating pressure. Leans into heavy steady pressure.
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Personal space zone.
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12-15 ft.
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Imprinting period.
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First bonding period between mare & foal few hrs after birth. Odors of placental fluids and exchanged sounds with mare confirm innate behaviors in foal.
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Pair bond.
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Relationship between two horses exhibiting preference to stay together.
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Epimeletic behavior.
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Giving care or attention.
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Et-epimeletic behavior.
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Soliciting care or attention.
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Herd leadership.
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Matriarchal society. Stallions protect and keep mare bands together and pregnant.
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Matriarchs.
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Lead mares, boss mares, alpha mares.
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Foal play.
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First learns running, rearing, and withdraw, turn, kick. Teaches fighting behavior, sets stage for sexual training, sharpens reflexes, develops competitve spirit, improves stamina.
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Play decreases.
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During times of stress, extreme weather, drought, scarce feed.
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Self-grooming.
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Rolling, rubbing, scratching, nibbling. Heightened during shedding seasons and muddy periods.
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Habitual rolling.
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Scratching, removing loose hair, counteracts plastering effects of rain, loosening sweat, coats hair with dirt as bug repellent.
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Total sleep hours.
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5-7 hrs.
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Sleep positions.
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Dozing; sternal-recumbent; lateral recumbent.
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Dozing.
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Stands with head lowered; minimal energy demand. Utilizes stay apparatus. Eyelids half-open to almost closed. 4 resting hrs daily (yearlings, older). Slow-wave sleep; decreased heart, respiration, muscle tone.
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Sternal-recumbent.
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Lies on midline of belly, rests chin. Folded legs. Slow-wave sleep for 2 hrs daily. Organs become compressed if any longer.
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Lateral-recumbent.
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Flattened on ground, stretched out. Eyes fully closed. Deep REM sleep. Heart and respiration slightly elevated. One hr daily.
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Times of sleep daily.
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Short naps 20-50x.
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Slow-wave sleep.
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Slow, regular brain waves. Mind non-functioning; muscles not fully relaxed. 30-35 sessions; 2 hrs daily. Standing or sternal-recumbent.
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Rapid eye movement (REM).
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Deeper sleep with loss of muscle tone. Brain waves more active as if awake. 9-10 sessions; 1 hr daily. Lateral-recumbent.
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Sleep patterns of foals.
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During first few weeks spend more than half of time sleeping and nursing. Sternal or lateral-recumbent. By 2, has formed adult resting habits.
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Temperament.
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Disposition, general consistency with which a horse behaves. Humans have little or no effect.
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Attitude.
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Temporary. Outlook can be affected by specific conditions such as hormones, weather, recent events, good/bad memories, illness.
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Ancestry affects temperament factors...
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Sensitivity, athletic potential, level headedness.
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Physical traits affect temperament...
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Conformation, hormonal levels, age, health, physical condition, diet. All but age are governed by environment.
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Temperament types.
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Alert, nervous, stubborn, aggressive.
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Stereotypies.
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Abberant behaviors repeated with regularity & consistency. Signs of trying to cope with conflict, uncertainty, or restriction.
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Conflict.
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Occurs when horse has two opposing urges, both equally strong.
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Uncertainty.
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Results when is faced with problem beyond power of resolution.
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Vices.
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Undesirable behavior patterns that emerge as result of domestication, confinement, or improper management. Are coping mechanisms.
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Bad habits.
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Undesirable behaviors that develop in response to handling or riding.
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Foals.
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Inquisitive; playful. Preoccupied with hunger, thirst, sleep, and comfort.
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Weanling (4-6 mo).
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Short attention span. Unpredictable and uncertain. Impressionable. Begins sexual interest. Playful. Chews objects.
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Yearling.
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Experimental. Testy, moody. Training with wider variety. Chews and bites.
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18 months - 2 years old.
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Serious sex drive and subsequent effect of surging hormones.
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3 years old.
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Develops adult habits. "Silly" but can be settled.
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Clacking/snapping/champing.
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Submissive gesture from foal with lowered head and closing of mouth.
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Power of association.
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Ability to link an action with a reaction, a stimulus with a response.
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