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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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cervical region
crest poll |
crest: fat pad under mane, variable size
poll: back of head |
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verterbral formula:
c t l s cd path of cervical vertebra (shape) |
C7 T18 L6 S5 CD15
gentle curve |
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wobblers syndrome
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malarticulation of cervical vertebra; ataxic (lame), wobbly, pressure increase on spinal cord = nervous sytem affected
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nuchal ligament
function 2 parts |
f: support head
funiculus nuchae: cord-like part T2/T3 up to skull; bilateral lamina nuchae: bilateral fan-like part |
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nuchal bursae (2)
description 2 bursae |
synovial fluid filled sac, cushion
cranial- @ C1 (arch of atlas), bwt C1 and funiculus nuchae, constant -poll evil: infection of cranial nuchal bursae at atlanto-occipital space caudal- inconstant C2 (axis) bwt spine of axis and funiculus nuchae -brucella abortus |
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supraspinous bursa
location function disease assoc with bursa |
bwt spinous processes of T2/T3
cushion effect for supraspinous ligament fistulous withers: bursa infection, intrascapular region |
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ventral surface of neck - muscles
contraction results |
unilateral contraction: turn head/neck
bilateral contraction: move head/neck down |
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ventral surface neck muscles
superficial layer cutaneous colli shape, size, location obscure what vein? |
colli - latin "of neck"
varibility in size, v-shaped manubrium to half way up neck obscure ventral part of jugular vein 2 parts equivalent to canine platysma -cutaneous colli -cutaneous faciei |
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ventral surface neck muscles
superficial layer brachiocephalicus - "arm, head" 2 parts |
cleidomastoideus: from greater tubercle to skull
cleidobrachialis: greater tubercle down arm |
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ventral surface neck muscles
superficial layer omotransversarius fused to? |
fused with brachiocephalicus @ chest/neck
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ventral surface neck muscles
superficial layer sternocephalicus |
v-shaped, under cutaneous colli
also called sternomandibularis |
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ventral surface neck muscles
superficial layer sternothyrohyoideus compound muscle 2 parts |
inside sternocephalicus
sternothyroideus - inserts on thyroid cartilage of larynx sternohyoideus - inserts on hyoid apparatus both parts have common origin, manubrium |
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ventral surface neck muscles
deep layer omohyoideus - "shoulder, hyoid app." deep to?, location, fused to? will fuse to ? at insert |
deep to sternocephalicus; in bwt common carotid artery and external jugular vein
fused to brachiocephalicus will fuse to sternohyoideus at insert |
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ventral surface neck muscles
deep layer longus capitis shape, location |
thin, strap-like; just lateral to longus colli
starts midline and goes cranially |
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ventral surface neck muscles
deep layer longus colli location 2 parts |
deep (ventral) to cervical vertebra (midline)
cervical portion thoracic portion |
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ventral surface neck muscles
deep layer scalenus location on schematic in notes use plexus to locate |
bottom of scalloped muscle on schematic
use brachial plexus to find |
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lateral neck muscles
superficial layer trapezius 2 parts |
trapezius cervicis
trapezius thoracis |
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lateral neck muscles
superficial layer rhomboideus 2 parts |
rhomboideus cervicis
rhomboideus thoracis |
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lateral neck muscles
superficial layer splenius origin, size, insertion |
origin: T3/T4/T5
large insertion: head, transverse process of atlas |
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lateral neck muscles
superficial layer serratus ventralis 2 parts function |
serratus ventralis cervicis
serratus ventralis thoracis sling |
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lateral neck muscles
first deep layer semispinalis capitis size, location, extensor |
large
dorsal primary extensor of neck |
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lateral neck muscles
first deep layer longissimus capitis/longissimus atlantis location fused at orign |
longissimus capitis - dorsal
longissimus atlantis - sunk lower, ventral fused at origin |
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lateral neck muscles
first deep layer longissimus cervicis shape |
triangular shaped
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lateral neck muscles
second deep layer multifidus cervicis location, appearance |
dorsal, bundles
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lateral neck muscles
second deep layer intertransversarii cervicis 3 parts |
dorsal
middle ventral |
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spinalis system
runs length of? spinalis_______ |
runs length of vertebrae
spinalis cervicis |
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muscles of the poll 3
obliquus capitis cranialis obliquus capitis caudalis rectus capitis muscles 4 |
cranialis: head to atlas, C1
caudalis: C1-C2 rectus capitis: dorsalis major dorsalis minor lateralis ventralis |
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cervical spinal nerves
__ pairs @atlas mid neck point of shoulder |
8 pairs
@ atlas: C2 branches come out mid-neck: C4 branches come out point of shoulder: C6 branches come out |
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accessory nerve
cranial nerve ____ dorsal edge of _______ motor innervation of ________ |
cranial nerve 11
dorsal edge of omotransversarius motor innervation of trapezius m. |
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transverse nerve of the neck
high on the neck branches of cranial nerves ___ and ___ innervation |
branches of C2/C3
innervates ventral aspect of neck area; sensory innervation, caudal to mandible |
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phrenic nerve
innervation branches |
innervates diaphragm
ventral branches C5, C6, C7 |
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brachial plexus
branches use __________ m. for location |
ventral branches C6, C7, C8, T1, T2
use scalenus muscle for location |
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cervical branch of facial nerve
C__ runs with _____ __________ vein innervation see 7.6 |
facial nerve C7
runs down with external jugular innervates cutaneous colli m. |
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blood supply to the neck
1. deep cervical artery location 2. vertebral artery runs through _______ foramina |
1. deep cervical a. located on lamina nuchae
2. vertebral a. runs through transverse vertebral foramina up neck |
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cervical lymphocenters 18.38 DYCE
aggregates of small nodes 1. superficial cervical lymphocenters 2. deep cervical lymphocenters |
1. superficial cervical lymphocenters
embedded in fat deep to brachiocephalicus 2, deep cervical lymphocenters on trachea a. cranial - scattered around thyroid gland b. middle - along length of trachea; variable c. caudal - with trachea @ thoracic inlet |
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jugular groove 18.34
venipuncture site (cranial half best) 3 borders dorsal, ventral, deep |
dorsal - cleidomastoideus
ventral - sternocephalicus deep - omohyoideus |
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median pectoral groove
ventral midline location |
between left and right descending pectoral m.
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lateral pectoral groove
dorsal border ventral border important vessels bleeding upon injury indicates which vessel lacerated |
cleidobrachialis: dorsal border
descending pectoral: ventral border important vessels: cephalic v.; deltoid branch of superficial cervical artery vein - ooze artery - spurt |
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viborg's triangle
surgical site provides access to... borders: cranial, ventral, dorsal |
surgical site; access to retropharyngeal lymph nodes (enlarged in strangles)
guttural pouch - diverticulum of auditory tube; can be involved in disease a.cranial-ramus of mandible b.ventral-linguofacial vein c.dorsal-tendon of sternocephalicus |
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carotid sheath and contents
a.constant b.constant c.constant d. variable |
a. common carotid artery
b. vagosympathetic trunk - dorsal to cc c. recurrent laryngeal nerve - ventral to cc d. internal jugular vein |
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trachea
length in vertebra 18.36 DYCE formed by... |
C1 ... T5/6
formed by incomplete cartilaginous rings trachealis m. completes ring |
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thyroid gland
isthmus |
isthmus variable in equine species
band of tissue across midline connect R/L sides |
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esophagus
cervical path striated muscle smooth muscle |
starts dorsal to pharynx, moves to left side, goes dorsal again @ thoracic inlet
striated m. initial, pharynx to the base of heart smooth m. base of heart to thoracic inlet |
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stomach tube
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should see bulge on LEFT side when passing stomach tube
palpable |
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nasal cavity
limits functions |
limits: from level of eyes to nostrils
f: filter, warm, humidify air through conchae, venous plexus, and respiratory/olfactory epithelium |
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nostril 4 parts
wings 2 parts commissures 2 parts alar fold nasal diverticulum |
a. wings - alae: lateral (skin/muscle) and medial (skin/cartilage)
b. commissures: dorsal and ventral c. alar fold - divides nostrils into halves (dorsal/ventral); mucosal fold; skin/hair cover, form false pouch d. nasal diverticulum: blind pouch, sits on alar fold, tube must go ventral otherwise it will get stuck |
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nasal muscles
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nostrils work bc of nasal muscles
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nasal cartilage 3 parts
dorsal/lateral alar 2 parts medial accessory |
dorsal/lateral: forms boundary of cavity, attached to end of nasal bone
alar: supports medial wing of nostril lamina-sheet cornu: horn medial accessory: buried in mucosa |
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nasal septum
made of boundaries |
midline hyline cartilage
dorsal: nasal bone ventrally: vomer bone |
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bones of nasal cavity
boundaries dorsal, lateral, ventral |
dorsal: nasal bone
lateral: incisive, maxilla, lacrimal, zygomatic ventral: hard palate |
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bones of nasal cavity
nasal conchae turbinates |
dorsal: where nasal bone attaches
ventral ethmoidal: behind middle conchae middle: ** all lined by mucosa, difference between skull, cadaver appearance |
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nasal meatuses
dorsal middle ventral common |
dorsal: bwt nasal bone/dorsal conchae
middle: bwt dorsal/ventral conchae *nasomaxillary opening (passage connect middle meatus to sinus) ventral: ventral/hard palate (stomach tube entrance) common: where all meatuses meet, space bwt septum and medial aspect of conchae |
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nares - nostrils
int./ext. |
internal, also called choanae: exit from nares to pharynx
external |
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blood supply
nostril nasal cavity |
to nostril: nasal arteries
to nasal cavity: sphenopalatine a. |
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innervation
sensory to nostril motor to nostril nerves in nasal cavity |
sensory to nostril - infraorbital n. (cont of maxillary n which is branch of trigeminal n. CN V
motor to nostril - branches of facial n. CN VII nerves in nasal cavity CN I and V olfactory n and sensory to respiratoy epithelium |
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oral cavity
divisions of the mouth vestibule oral cavity proper |
vestibule - lateral to teeth
oral cavity proper - medial to teeth |
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roof: hard palate with its soft continuation caudally
bones, raphae, ridges, incisive papilla |
bones: maxilla, palatine, incisive
raphae: midline groove ridges: (rugae) transverse ridges of mucosa incisve papilla: little bump for incisive duct |
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floor: comprised of mucous membrance and tongue
sublingual caruncle sublingual fold lingual frenulum |
sublingual caruncle: opening for mandibular salivary gland
sublingual fold: caudal extension of sub. caruncle; openings for polystomatic sublingual salivery gland lingual frenulum: mucosa fold; attaches tongue to floor |
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tongue
3 parts |
root, body, apex
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lingual papillae
4 kinds |
filiform: majority, fine, conical projections, mechanical, cover entire surface
*fungiform: rounded dots, lateral, scattered *vallate: @ root, 2 circular openings *foliate: ridges on lateral margin |
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lingual lymphatic tissue
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lingual tonsil; scattered at root of tongue
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lingual muscles
intrinsic extrinsic associated lingual muscles |
intrinsic: o/i on same part
longitudinal, transverse, and vertical muscle fibers extrinsic: lateral - styloglossus root - hyoglossus medial - genioglossus : fanshaped assoc. lingual muscles: mylohyoideus and geniohyoideus |
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blood supply to tongue
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lingual and sublingual arteries
* sublingual a. a branch of facial a. |
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innervation to tongue
sensory taste motor |
sensory: lingual n. (br. of trigeminal n.)
to mucosa too taste: rostral 2/3 via facial n. CN VII caudal 1/3 via glossopharyngeal n. CN IX motor: hypoglossal n. CN XII |
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salivary glands
parotid, mandibular, polystomatic sublingual, buccal |
parotid: from base of ear to mandible, parotid papilla opening at 3rd cheek tooth
mandibular: crescent-shaped, encapsulated, empties on sublingual caruncle polystomatic sublingual: on floor, multiple, along sublingual fold buccal: dorsal/ventral, were zygomatic salivary glands in canine |
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pharynx
location shape made up of |
between oral, GI, and respiratory systems, musculomembranous, funnel-shpaed
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three divisions of pharynx
naso oro laryngo |
nasopharynx: respiratory
oropharynx: GI laryngopharynx: combo of both GI/resp. *soft palate separates naso/oro pharynx *equine vomit will go through nose |
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palatine arches
palatopharyngeal arch palatoglossal arch |
palatopharyngeal arch: dorsal to esophagus; encircles back of nasopharynx
palatoglossal arch: soft palate to tongue |
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pharyngeal muscles: from ____ cartilage to pharynx
crico thyro hyo |
cricopharyngeus (most caudal)
thyropharyngeus (middle) hyopharyngeus (most rostral) *constrictors = food bolus into esphagus |
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sites if tonsillar tissue 5
lingual palatine tonsil of soft palate pharyngeal tubal |
lingual tonsil: in root of tongue, lymphocenter
palatine tonsil: on floor of pharynx; jct wall of pharynx/tongue no crypt(dog) in horses tonsil of soft palate- oval shaped spot on soft palate on either side of midline pharyngeal tonsil- in pharyngeal roof, diffuse lymphatic tissue tubal tonsil- surrounds pharyngeal opening of auditory tube, under mucosa, hypertrophied lymphatic tissue |
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pharyngeal opening of auditory tube
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endoscopic landmark
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hyoid apparatus
F: suspend larynx, att. for tongue thyrohyoid basihyoid keratohyoid epihyoid stylohyoid tympanohyoid lingual process of basihyoid |
thyrohyoid: articulate with larynx
basihyoid keratohyoid: "c" epihyoid: small stylohyoid tympanohyoid: articulate with skull lingual process of basihyoid into tongue root |
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larynx
laryngeal cartilages epiglottis thyroid arytenoid cricoid |
epiglottis: cuneiform process(dog = att. to arytenoid cart)
thyroid: body-ventral, thyroid notch lamina-rostral/caudal cornu thyroid fisher-ventral to rostral cornu, foramen where cranial laryngeal n. enters, U shaped arytenoid(paired) - processes: corniculate(rostral), muscular(dorsal), vocal(ventral) cricoid lamina(dorsal) arch(ventral) |
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larynx
extrinsic muscles hyoepiglotticus sternothyroideus thyrohyoideus |
f: move larynx, move hyoid
hyoepiglotticus: midline sternothyroideus: thyrohyoideus |
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larynx
intrinsic muscles cricothyroideus cricoarytenoideus dorsalis |
f: change diameter of airway
cricothyroideus: crico cart. to thyro cart. innerv-cranial laryngeal n cricoarytenoideus dorsalis: lamina of crico cart. to arytenoid musc. process f: to abduct vocal fold |
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larynx
vocal apparatus glottis rims glottidis |
glottis: vocal folds and space between the following
rims glottidis: opening of glottis; space bwt corniculate processes |
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larynx
laryngeal ventricle: diverticulum lateral - vestibular fold - vocal fold median |
lateral: L / R
- vestibular fold - opening in medial wall, open to ventricle, mucosa wrapped around cuneiform process - vocal fold - covers vocal process of arytenoid median - pouch on midline |
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larynx
ligaments cricothyroid ligament cricotracheal ligament |
cricothyroid ligament: ct bwt cricoid/thyroid cart.; important in laryngostomy sx
cricotracheal ligament: larynx to trachea |
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larynx
innervation recurrent laryngeal n cranial laryngeal n roaring |
recurrent laryngeal n: motor to all intrinsic m.
cranial laryngeal n: motor to cricothyroideus m; all sensory roaring: laryngeal hemiplegia (1 side paralysis in larynx) 95% left side; left vocal fold flutters in airway not abducted, L cricoarytenoideus dorsalis atrophied, lost innerv. |
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causes of roaring
3 |
long recurrent laryngeal n
aortic pulsation enlarged tracheobronchial lymph nodes: post respiratory dz |
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possible treatments of roaring
3 |
ventriculectomy: remove ventricle, inflamm. scarring prcoess will hold vocal fold in open position
"tie back" - recreate pull of cricoarytenoideus dorsalis m reinnervation - omohyoideus m. |
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osteology: locate
incisive, nasal, maxilla, lacrimal, zygomatic, frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, interparietal, facial crest |
interparietal: fuses with parietal bones
facial crest: Sx landmart, boney ridge |
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foramina 4
supraorbital infraorbital maxillary foramen lacerum |
supraorbital: dorsal to orbit, in zygomatic process of frontal bone, upper eyelid-supraoribtal n. desensitize with inj.
infraorbital: infraobital n. exits through canal desensitize upper lip maxillary: ventral to orbit, entrance infraorbital canal, desensitize dental arcade/cheek teeth foramen lacerum: exit CN IX, X, XI, mandibular n. enter- internal carotid a./n.; middle meningeal a. |
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mandible 8 parts
mandibular foramen mental foramen body ramus coronoid process condylar process angle vascular groove |
mandibular foramen: medial aspect, enter: inf alvelolar n/a/v, blood supply lower teeth
mental foramen: exit: mental n. sensory: lower lip/chin body: horizontal ramus: vertical coronoid process: dorsal tip condylar process: below coronoid process angle vascular groove/notch: pass over notch: facial a/v; parotid salivary duct; superficial; pulse site |
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orbit
dog lateral ligament horse entirely bony lateral aspect bones that make it up 3 |
zygomatic process of frontal bone
zygomatic process of temporal bone temporal process of zygomatic bone fusion @ lateral margin |
