Eppp Physiological/pharmacological

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Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

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first studied in monkeys with bilateral lesions in the amygdala & anterior temporal lobes

involves agnosias, placidity, apathy, compulsive oral behaviors, hypersexuality

frequently includes amnesia, aphasia, dementia, seizures

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Gerstmann's Syndrome

Back 2

lesions of the dominant parietal lobe resulting in:
acalculia
agraphia
R-L disorientation
finger agnosia

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Ganser's Syndrome

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type of factitious disorder

involves giving slightly wrong answers to questions

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Hypnopompic Hallucinations

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occur upon awakening

can occur with narcolepsy

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Hypnogogic Hallucinations

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occur as a person falls asleep

can occur with narcolepsy

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Foods high in Tyramine:

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should be avoided by people taking MAOI's

AVOID ENTIRELY: alcohol, fava or broad beans, aged cheese, liver, orange pulp, pickled or smoked meats, packaged soups, yeast supplements, meat extracts, summer sausage

LIMIT: soy sauce, sour cream, bananas, avocados, eggplant, plums, raisins, spinach, tomatoes, yogurt

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Akathisia

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restlessness & dysphoria (anxiety, depression, or unease)

most prevalent side effect of neuroleptics/antipsychotics

common reason for medication noncompliance

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Theta waves

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predominant when a person drifts into stage I sleep

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Delta waves

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occur during deep sleep

prominent during the first third of the night

muscle activity increases in stage 4 sleep, sleep terrors & sleep walking most likely

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Alpha waves

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occur when a person closes their eyes & relaxes

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Beta waves

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present during alert activity

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Yerkes-Dodson Law

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peak performance is usually attained at moderate levels of arousal

curvilinear relationship between performance & arousal (inverted U shape)

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Sexual Dimorphism

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systematic differences between different genders in the same species

in humans differences result from interaction between environment & biology; there are differences in the human brain

less in humans compared to other species

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Best drugs to treat OCD

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antidepressants

most commonly used:
Prozac (fluoxetine), an SSRI
Anafranil (clomipramine), a tricyclic

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Cerebellum

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a hindbrain structure important in balance & posture, & vital for coordinated & refined motor movements

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Cingulate Gyrus

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a limbic system structure associated with the initiation of responses

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Function of the Corpus Callosum

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transfer sensory (& some motor) information from 1 hemisphere to the other

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Hippocampus

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involved in memory consolidation, explicit memory, & spatial memory

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Medial Temporal Region

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includes parts of the temporal lobe, hippocampus, & amygdala

function: declarative memory (autobiographical & semantic), spatial memory, etc

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Parkinsonian Personality

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melancholia, introversion, pessimism

early depressive symptoms most common in young patients & patients with a family history of the disease

symptoms of depression considered endogeneous, will be experienced by 50% at some time

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Classic Migraines

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begin with an aura

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Common Migraine

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does not begin with an aura

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Just Noticeable Differences

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used by psychophysicists to study the relation between changes in physical stimuli & psychological responses to those changes

JND's are considered equal but the corresponding physical stimuli are not (adding 10 lbs is different if you start with 1 lb than if you start with 100 lbs)

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Psychophysics

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study of the relationship between stimulus magnitude & perception of that stimulus

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Best intervention for smoking cessation

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nicotine replacement (short term effect) + behavioral treatment (long term effect)

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best smoking cessation intervention for the workplace

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Klesges, 1987

behavioral programs + worksite competition & incentives

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Abstinence Violation Effect

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Marlatt & Gordon, 1985

recovery after a relapse is related to attributions for the cause of the relapse & situational factors

recovery is more likely when external, unstable, specific high-risk factors are blamed

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Medulla

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lowest structure of the brain stem

involved in vital autonomic functions such as breathing, heartbeat, & blood pressure

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Parkinson's Disease

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progressive neurological condition characterized by tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, & postural instability

primary site of neuronal/dopamine loss is the substantia nigra (part of basal ganglia)

motor symptoms are initially alleviated by L-dopa (a dopamine agonist)

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Apraxia

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inability to perform intentional motor movements in the absence of impaired motor functioning

symptom of parietal lobe damage

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Occipital Lobe

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most posterior portion of the cerebral hemispheres

contains the primary sensory cortex for vision

damage may cause: visual object & color agnosias, word blindness, blind spots (scotoma)

tumor may cause: confabulation, irritability, suspiciousness, prosopagnosia

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Korsakoff's Syndrome

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aka, Alcohol_Induced Persisting Amnestic Disorder (DSMIV)
retrograde & anterograde amnesia, confabulation,

believed to be due to a thiamine deficiency

often preceded by Wernicke syndrome

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Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism

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Symptoms: trembling, sweating, nausea, dizziness, increased appetite with weight loss, general excitability, nervousness, depression, memory & judgement problems, insomnia

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Frontal Lobes

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primary motor, premotor, prefrontal areas

involved in executive functions, personality & mood, motor functions

damage can cause: poor judgement, impulsivity, personality changes

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Parietal Lobe

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central lobe bounded by the central & lateral fissures, contains the somatosensory cortex

damage may cause: apraxia, inability to recognize objects, problems with L-R orientation, contralateral neglect, Gerstmann Syndrome

tumor may cause: dysgraphia, depression, apathy, denial of problems

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Hypothalamus

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regulation of temperature, hunger, thirst, sex, aggression, & sleep

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Temporal Lobe

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auditory perception & memory

tumors may affect memory, may cause hallucinations (especially auditory), usually affect mood

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Propanolol/Inderal

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beta blocker

used to treat hypertension, irregular heartbeat, physical symptoms of anxiety

side effects: bradycardia, depression, insomnia, fatigue, nausea/vomiting, light-headedness

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Transcortical Aphasia

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occurs when major speech areas in the L (dominant) hemisphere become isolated from other cortical areas due to loss of blood supply

deficits in expressing oneself & comprehension (with some automatic & imitative speech)

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Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

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co-occurrence of Wernicke Syndrome & Korsakoff Syndrome

greater loss of recent memories than of remote memories

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Prospective Memory

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ability to remember to perform an intended action at a point of time in the future

linked to prefrontal lobes & executive functions

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brain abnormalities in ADHD

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reduced blood flow to the frontal lobes (hypofrontality); also lower activity than normal in the basal ganglia

dopamine depletion

smaller than normal caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, & prefrontal cortex

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Right hemisphere functions

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recognizing faces
spatial skills
creativity
intuitive thinking

some say is predominant in emotional behavior; some say specifically involved in negative emotions

emotional symptoms of damage: indifference, verbal disinhibition, denial of one's disabilities

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Left Hemisphere functions

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language
math
logical, analytical thinking

some say is implicated in positive emotions

emotional symptoms of damage: depression, mood changes, anxiety, irritability

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Aphasia

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loss of language functioning as a result of brain impairment

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Broca's Aphasia

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aka, expressive, motor & nonfluent aphasia

nonfluent output (slow & difficult), poor repetition, intact comprehension

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Wernicke's Aphasia

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aka, receptive, sensory, & fluent aphasia

fluent but meaningless output, impaired repetition, poor comprehension, anomia

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RAS

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reticular activating system

mediates attention, arousal & sleep-wake cycle

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Huntington's Disease

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disorder of mood, cognition, movement

mood/cognitive symptoms (depression, withdrawal, forgetfulness) usually appear before motor symptoms

early motor symptoms = fidgeting, clumsiness; later motor symptoms = athetosis (slow writhing movements) & chorea (involuntary, rapid, jerky movements)

causes symptoms of dementia eventually

associated with a loss of GABA & glutamate in the basal ganglia

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Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium

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aka, delirium tremens

disturbances of consciousness & other cognitive functions

autonomic hyperactivity, hallucinations, delusions, agitation following a period of prolonged or heavy use

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Wernicke Syndrome

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ataxia, abnormal eye movements, confusion related to alcohol abuse

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structures of the limbic system

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hippocampus, hypothalamus, amygdala, septum, parts of the thalamus

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functions of the limbic system

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emotions, memory, hunger & satiety (thalamus)

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Location of Broca's area

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left inferior frontal area

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Location of Wernicke's area

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temporal lobes

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Acalculia

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inability to perform calculations

results from damage to the parietal lobe

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Medications used to treat Bipolar I

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lithium, & if it is ineffective & contraindicated:

anticonvulsants:
Tegretol/carbamazepine
Depakote/divalproex
Depakene/valproic acid

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Medications used to treat Bulimia

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tricyclic antidepressants:
Norpramin/desipramine
Tofranil/imipramine

SSRI's:
Prozac/fluoxetine

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small doses of antipsychotics are used to treat:

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behavioral & emotional problems in the Autism spectrum

mania

delirium (especially Haldol)

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stages of withdrawal from benzodiazepines

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Stage 1: tremors, sweats, agitation, & increased autonomic reactions

Stage 2: hallucinations & panic

Stage 3: grand mal seizures,

* sudden withdrawal can be fatal

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symptoms of withdrawal from antipsychotics

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insomnia, nightmares, & gastrointestinal distress

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symptoms of withdrawal from opiods (narcotics, such as heroin)

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nausea, vomiting, muscle aches, dysphoric mood

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symptoms of withdrawal from stimulants (cocaine or amphetamines)

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dysphoria & fatigue

Front 64

Gate Control Theory of Pain

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Melzack & Wall, 1960's

chemical gates reside in the neural pathway in the spinal cord that carries messages of pain from the body to the brain

gates can be open or closed; negative emotional states are thought to open the gates

Front 65

Locus Ceruleus

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nucleus in the brain stem that apparently is responsible for physiological reactions to stress & anxiety

a main source of norepinephrine

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Contusion

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more severe blow to the head than a concussion

afterward may experience headache & unilateral numbness

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Akinesia

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apathy & decrease in voluntary movements

a side effect of antipsychotics/neuroleptics

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Parkinsonism

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shuffling gait & tremor

a side effect of neuroleptics/antipsychotics

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Tardive dyskinesia

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involuntary movements of the face & limbs

a side effect of antipsychotics/neuroleptics

Front 70

Cluster Headaches

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type of vascular headache, typically involves unilateral pain in the orbital or frontal regions

can be precipitated by alcohol, more common in men,usually begin during sleep, recur over a period of days or weeks: closely spaced attacks of intense pain followed by remissions of varying length

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Characterics of Migraines

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type of vascular headache, unilateral throbbing pain, pulsating, moderate to severe intensity, aggravated by physical activity, associated with nausea, vomiting, photophobia, phonophobia, usually in frontal & temporal lobes, more common in women

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Side effects of SSRI's

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headaches, nervousness, restlessness, insomnia, gastrointestinal distress, & sexual dysfunction

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Grave's Disease

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most common form of hyperthyroidism

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Hypothyroidism

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decreased appetite with weight gain, sluggishness, fatigue, impaired memory & intellect

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medications that reduce sexual arousal & desire & lead to orgasmic difficulty include:

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SSRI's, TCA's, & phenothiazines/antipsychotics

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Minor tranquilizers

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include benzodiazepines

sedating effect, used on a short-term basis for reduction of high levels of anxiety or subjective distress

result in tolerance & withdrawal

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Neurotransmitters

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* Acetylcholine (Ach)
* Catecholamines (norepinephrine/noradrenaline, epinephrine/adrenaline, & dopamine
* Serotonin (5-HT)
* Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
* Glutamate
* Endorphins

Front 78

Acetylcholine

Back 78

Ach

in peripheral nervous system, causes muscles to contract

in central nervous system, involved in memory, REM sleep, regulation of the sleep-wake cycle

2 types of cholinergic receptors: nicotinic (excitatory) & muscarinic (inhibitory)

nicotine mimics Ach

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Catecholamines

Back 79

involved in personality, mood, memory & sleep

low levels of norepinephrine & dopamine associated with some forms of depression

excessive dopamine activity associated with schizophrenia & Tourette's

dopamine involved in muscle activity (degeneration of dopamine receptors in substantia nigra in Parkinson's)

elevated dopamine in the mesolimbic system implicated in effects of stimulants, opiates, alcohol, & nicotine

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Serotonin

Back 80

usually has an inhibitory effect

implicated in mood, hunger, temperature regulation, sexual activity, arousal, sleep, aggression, & migraines

elevated levels may contribute to schizophrenia & autism

low levels related to depression, suicide, PTSD, OCD, & aggression

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Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

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an inhibitory neurotransmitter

linked to sleep, eating, seizure, & anxiety

levels are affected by benzo's & othe rCNS depressants

degeneration of cells that secrete GABA in the basal ganglia contribute to motor symptoms of Huntington's

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Glutamate

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excitatory neurotransmitter

plays a role in learning, memory, long-term potentiation

excessive acticity can lead to seizures, stroke-related brain damage, Huntington's, Alzheimer's, etc

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Endorphins

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"endogenous morphines"

inhibitory neuromodulators

lower sensitivity of postsynaptic neurons

analgesic properties, may be involved in acupuncture

implicated in some pleasureable experiences, control of emotions, memory, learning & sexual behavior

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Ataxia

Back 84

slurred speech, severe tremors, & loss of balance

can be produced by damage to the cerebellum

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Anosognosia

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inability to recognize one's own neurological symptoms

caused by parietal lobe damage

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Conductive Aphasia

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caused by damage to the arcuate fasciculus, which connects Wernicke's & Broca's areas

intact comprehension, impaired repetition, anomia

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Dopamine Hypothesis

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Schizophrenia is related to overactivity at dopamine receptors (either due to oversensitivity or excessive dopamine levels)

supported by finding that amphetamines & other drugs that elevate dopamine produce psychosis in non-schizophrenics + low doses increases symptoms of schizophrenics

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Associative Visual Agnosia

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a person recognizes a familiar object but is unable to name it

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Aperceptive Visual Agnosia

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cannot name a familiar object she sees but can name it when it is placed in her hand