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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Erikson’s Stages and virtues
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1st year trust vs mistrust-hope
1-3 autonomy vs shame and doubt -willpower 3-5 initiative vs guilt -purpose 6 – 12 industry vs inferiority -competence 12-18 identity vs role confusion -fidelity 18-35 intimacy vs isolation -love 35-60 generativity vs stagnation- care 60+ integrity vs despair wisdom |
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Types of Prevention
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Primary Prevention – reduces incidence, alcohol prevention through posters
Secondary Prevention – reduces prevalence, depression screening Tertiary Prevention – reduces residual effects, AA |
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Minuchin's Rigid Triads
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Minuchin’s Rigid Triads – result from chronic boundary problems
Triangulation – child is pulled into conflict, take one side or another Detouring – Parent’s express conflict through the child Stable Coalition – Family members unite against a third member |
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PROCHASKA’S MODEL OF BEHAVIOR CHANGE
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Precontemplation – not aware
Contemplation – becomes aware, no action Preparation – commitment to changes and forms a plan of action Action – Change is initiated Maintenance – relapse prevention |
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Cognitive Behavioral Therapies
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BECK – Socratic questioning, hypothesis testing, collaborative, cognitive triad (self, world, future)
ELLIS – irrational beliefs, confrontive, persuasive MEICHENBAUM – self instruction therapy (modeling and graduated practice), stress inoculation training (coping responses). Application in VIVO, coping skills acquisition, educational and cognitive prep REIM: SELF CONTROL MODEL OF DEPRESSION. Depression results from: negative self-evaluations, lack of self reinforcement, high rates of punishment |
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Family Therapies
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Object relations – transferences and projections
Structural family therapy (MINUCHIN) – hierarchies, boundaries, and systems. Therapist attempts to unbalance the structure Strategic family therapy (HALEY) – communication and hierarchy Communication family therapy – communication and impact on family functioning BOWEN multigenerational family therapy – pathology is repeated throughout generations, goal is promote differentiation MILAN systemic – circular questioning as a means introduces hypotheses BEHAVIORAL OR SOCIAL LEARNING FAMILY THERAPY – concrete observable goals. Pathology results from deficient reward exchanges and communication deficits |
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Assumptions for Tests of Difference
(T-TEST, ANOVA, CHI SQUARE) |
All tests of difference have an assumption of RANDOM SELECTION
Interval/Ratio Tests – normally distributed, homoscedasticity, interval/ratio data CHI SQUARE – independence of observation |
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TESTS OF DIFFERENCE
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T-TEST – one IV (type of tx, one or two groups compared
ONE –WAY ANOVA- one IV (type of tx), two or more groups FACTORIAL ANOVA – two or more IVs (type of tx and gender) and data for each IV is independent SPLIT-PLOT ANOVA – two or more IV (type of tx and time), when the data for one IV and another IV are correlated |
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BIVARIATE CORRELATION TESTS
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Pearson R – both variables are continuous
Spearman’s Rho – both are ordinal Biserial – one variable is an artificial dictomy |
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VIE THEORY
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Expectancy - hard work will result in success
Instrumentality - successful task completion will result in rewards valence - value that the reward has |
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DIFFERENTIAL VALIDITY (I/O)
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occurs when there are different criterian-related validity coefficients for minority and non-minority groups
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ADVERSE IMPACT (I/O)
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80% or 4/5ths rule
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UNFAIRNESS (I/O)
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occurs when ther are differences on predictor scores for the minority and non minority groups
Parallel regression lines |
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Maslow's Need Hierarchy
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Needs are in hierarchy on importance
People want what they don't have Five levels of needs: Physiological Safety Belonging and Love Esteem Self Actualization THIS IS NOT EMPIRICALLY SUPPORTED |
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Herzberg's Two Factor Theory
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Based on Maslow:
Lower Level Needs (context) -hygiene factors -result in dissatisfaction, not satisfaction Upper Level needs (content) -motivators, can increase satisfaction, but will not decrease it |
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Alderfer's ERG Theory
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Non-Hierarchical Needs based on:
Existence Relatedness Growth |
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McClelland's Acquired Needs Theory
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Three significant work related needs:
-nACH - desire to solve problems and master tasks -nAFF - desire to establish and maintain friendly relations -nPower - desire for control, influence, and be responsible for other -NEEDS CAN BE DEVELOPED OVER TIME, NOT INNATE -PEOPLE WITH HIGH ACHIEVEMENT NEEDS SET MODERATE AND ATTAINABLE GOALS |
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House's Path Goal Theory
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Increase personal payoffs for subordinates and attempts to help achieve those payoffs
4 TYPES OF LEADERSHIP: -Directive -Supportive -Achievement oriented -participative |
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Hersey's and Blanchard's Situational Leadership
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Leadership is based on employee's readiness to perform:
4 Styles of Leadership: -Telling -Selling -Participating -Delegating |
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VROOM and YETTON's model
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Focus on Decision Making and extent to which leadrs allow their subordinates to participate in making decisions
Effective Leadership style depends on: -importance of the decision -degree to which it is accepted by subordinates -time required to make a decision |
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Predictors of turnover and job success
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Biodata- best predictor of job turnover
Assessment Centers - used on upper management Cognitive Ability tests - good predictors of job success Interest Tests - Poor predictor Work Sample - good predictors of job success, best for minorities |
biodata, assessment centers, cognitive ability tests, interest tests, work sample
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Things that affect group process
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Social Loafing - slacking when people aren't looking, in a group where individual contributions are not noticed
Social inhibition - indiv performance in impaired on novel tasks when others are looking Deindividuation - suspending one's private identity and adopting the identity of the group Groupthink - suspend ability to think critically, decisionmaking is more about maintaining cohesiveness |
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Total Quality Management
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continuous improvement in the organization, an involves all levels
Based on: -Customer Focus -Total involvement -Quantitative measurement of progress - Systemic Support -Continuous improvement |
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Risk Management
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Planned Programs for loss prevention
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Utilization Review
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Focuses on costs and conserving resources
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Quality Assurance
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Monitoring and evaluating services in terms of availability and adequacy..improves access
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Catell's Theory of Intelligence
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Fluid vs Crystalized
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Spearman's Theory of Intelligence
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G Factor
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Sternberg Theory of Intelligence
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focus in assessment of intelligence is on process not outcome.
Three components: -Internal componenets -capacity to adapt to change -ability to apply past experience to present |
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Gardener's Multiple Intelligences
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Eight distinct intelligences
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Factors affecting reliability
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1. Number of items
2. Homogeneity of items 3. Unrestricted Range of scores helps reliability 4. Easier it is to guess, the less reliable the test is |
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Content validity
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-How adequately a test samples a particular content area
- Quantified by asking a panel of experts |
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Criterion-related validity
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How adequately a score can be used predict or estimate criterion outcome
Calculated by Pearson R |
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2 types of Criterion Related Validity
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Concurrent- a test correlates well with a measure that has previously been validated.
Predictive - the extent to which a scale predicts scores on some criterion measure |
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Construct Validity
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How adequately a test measures a trait
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How can Construct validity be calculated?
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Factor Analysis
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What are two types of Construct Validity
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Convergent - shows that the assessment is related to what it should theoretically be related to.
Disciminant Validity - test has low correlation with a similar type of instrument which purports to measure a different construct |
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4 estimates of reliability
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Test-Retest
Parallel Forms Internal Consistency Interrater reliability |
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Taylor-Russell Tables
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A measure of incremental validity
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Incremental validity
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Amount of improvement in success rate that results from using a predictor test.
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What do we need to calculate incremental validity
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Base Rate - rate of selecting successful employees without using a test - Moderate base rate is best
Selection Ratio - porportion of available openings to available - low selection ratio is best |
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Convergent validity and Discriminant validity:
Heteromethod or Monomethod? Monotrait or heterotrait |
Convergent: heteromethod, monotrait
Disciminant: Monomethod, heterotrait |
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What does the standard error always have a direct relationship with? and an inverse relationship with?
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Standard deviation
another variable in the equation |
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Proactive Interference
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Previously learned information interferes with new information
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Retroactive Inhibition
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Recently learned information interferes with the recall of material that was previously learned.
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Retrograde Amnesia
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Amnesia for information prior to a particular event
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Anterograde amnesia
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amnesia for information following an event
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Stages of memory
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Sensory
Short Term Long Term |
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Sensory memory
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transforms and stores sensory input, lasts only a few seconds
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Short term
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processes and stores up to 30 seconds
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Two types of short term memory
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Primary memory - holding tank for information
Working memory |
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Long Term memory ( two types)
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Recent memory (up to 2 weeks)
Remote (two weeks to years) |
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Explicit or declarative memory
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memory for what is consciously recalled
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2 types of explicit or declarative memory
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Sematic - meaning or knowledge of facts
episodic memory - ability to recall autobiographical (graduation, 9/11)events |
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Implicit memory
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unconscious recollection of skills (driving a car)
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James Lange Theory (emotions)
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I am running, so I must be afraid.
Emotions are the perception of bodily reactions |
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Cannon Bard Theory (emotions)
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Emotions and Bodily reactions occur at the same time
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Schacter's Two factor Theory (emotions)
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emotions result from internal and external sources
Emotion is a function of physiological arousal and cognitive labelling |
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SEYLE's general adaptation syndrome
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three stage response to stress:
Alarm Resistance Exhaustion |
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Schedule of Reinforcement (In order of response rate)
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Variable Ratio ( # of response)
Fixed ratio (# of responses) Variable Interval (time) Fixed Interval (time) |
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backward conditioning
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US is presented before the CS. NO CONDITIONING OCCURS
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Pseudoconditioning
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A response is emitted to a neutral stimulus that has not been paired
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Stimulus discrimination
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capacity to discriminate between two similar neutral stimuli, one that has been paired and one that hasn't
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Behavioral Contrast
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when one of two behaviors that are being reinforced stops being reinforced, the behavior decreases while the other increases
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Chaining
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complex sequence reinforces the previous behavior in the sequence and serves as a signal for the next behavior
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stimulus control
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person is instructed to limit his or her activities to a certain time of the day and/or specific location
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Hypothalamic functions (5 Fs)
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-fight or flight
-feeding -falling asleep -fornication -Fever (temperature reg) |
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Frontal Lobe functions
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Ability to shift sets
Logic Planning and Organization Personality |
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Parietal Lobe Functions
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Sensations of light touch, pain, and heat
Proprioception - sensing of your own body parts |
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Temporal Lobe Functions
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Auditory
Memory Emotional behavior |
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Occipital Lobe Functions
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Vision
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Where is the damage for Wernickes
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left temporal
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What kind of aphasia is Wernicke's
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sensory aphasia
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Where is the damage for Broca's
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frontal lobe
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What kind of aphasia is Broca's
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motor aphasia (expressive)
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What are prodromal sxs
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auras
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cluster headaches
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headaches that last/recur for days or weeks, begins during sleep, tend to be vascular
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tension headaches
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muscle contraction headaches
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two types of Amino Acids
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GABA - inhibitory
Glutamate - excitatory |
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Peptide NT
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enkephalins and endorphins - natural painkillers
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Single Subject Designs
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AB - baseline followed by tx
ABAB Multiple Baseline- tx applied sequentially or consecutively Simultaneous tx changing criterion |
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Demand characteristics (research)
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aspects of the research that suggest how subject should behave
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how do you control for demand characteristics?
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by keeping the subjects blind
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Expectancy (research)
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unintentional effects that results from the experimenter inadvertently giving subjects cues as to how they should behave
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Reactivity (research)
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subjects responses only occur because they are participating in research
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What is a threat to internal validity?
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things other than the IV that can affect outcome
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What is a threat to external validity
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Generalizability
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What is a threat to construct validity?
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things other than the intervention that result in differences
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What is a threat to statistical conclusion validity?
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Statistical Problems/limitations that interfere with significant results being obtained
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What are a list of threats to internal validity
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History
Maturation Testing Instrumentation Regression Selection Bias Attrition Diffusion |
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What are a list of threats to construct validity
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Amount of contact with clients
Experimenter expectancies Demand characteristics |
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What are a list of threats to external validity
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sample characteristics
stimulus characteristics contextual characteristics |
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What is the Cognitive perspective on development
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a result of interactions between biological factors and experience
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What is the learning perspective on development
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a focus on observable on measureable behaviors. Behavior is influenced by modeling and internal factors
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What is the contextual perspective on development
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human development can only be understood in its social context
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What theory is the ethological persective similar to
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attachment
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What are the stages of Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning?
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- preconventional
- conventional - Postconventional |
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Speak about Kohlberg's preconventional stage
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Age 4-10
Two sub stages: Punishment Obedience (everything is about avoiding punishment) Instrumental Hedonism - good deed are rewarded |
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Kohlberg's Conventional Morality (2 stages)
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Good Boy Good Girl - gaining approval
Law and Order - focus on doing one's duty |
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Kohlberg's Post Conventional Morality (2 stages)
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13 and over
1. Morality of contract, individual rights and democratically accept laws 2. Morality of Individual Principles of Conscience - based on internalized standards |
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Piaget's stages of cognitive development
4 STAGES and discuss them |
-Sensorimotor (sensory observation) to age 2
-Preoperational - 2 to 7- egocentric and illogical, animism, -Concrete operational - 7 to 11 thinking is more logical, conservation -Formal Operational - 12 and on, development of abstract thinking and metacognition |
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4 stages of adolescent identity formation
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- Identity diffusion
- Moratorium - Foreclosure - Identity Achievement |
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Piaget's Theory of Moral Development
how many stages are there What are they? |
Heteronomous Morality (5-10) - rules are decided by authority figures and cannot be changed
Autonomous Morality (10 plus) - Children can consider more than one aspect of the situation and can consider the intent behind behavior, rules are flexible |
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What are Berry's four acculturation strategies?
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Assimilation - dominant values adopted
Separation - cultural identity is maintained, interaction with other cultures is avoided Integration - cultural identity is maintained and interactions with other cultures occur Marginalization - cultural identity is not maintained, interaction with other cultures is avoided |
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Freud's psychosexual stages
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Oral - Passive Dependence (0-18 months)
Anal (18-36)- Phallic (3-6years) Latency (6 - puberty) Genital (puberty and beyond) |
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Two types of sensory memory
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iconic memory - 1/2 sec..holds images
Echoic memory - sounds up to 4 seconds |
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Two types of short term memory
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primary memory - 30 second holding tank
Working memory - holds and manipulates imformation while you are working on it |
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How many items can most people keep in short term memory
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7 items + or - 2 items
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Chunking
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PART OF SHORT TERM MEMORY
take items and group them together to help you remember thing. Like you used to do with credit card numbers at Monmouth Internet |
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eidetic memory
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retain an image of what is seen for a long period of time
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Priming
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exposure to a stimulus that helps them remember it later in time. Like listening to the tapes in the hopes of remembering portions of broad areas of content
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Redintigration
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when something unlocks a chain of memories. Like listening to the Cure.
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Flashbulb memories
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memories of distinct events, usually of a traumatic nature, like 9/11
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Prospective Memory
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remembering that you had planned to do something a particular time
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Explicit memory is also called
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declarative
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Implicit memory is also called
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Procedural
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serial position effect
delayed and immediate |
Delayed recall - In a list of things to remember, after a short pause people remember things at the beginning more than the middle and end. (primacy effect)
Immediate- people remember the beginning and end and not the middle |
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Paramnesia
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distortion of memory and involveds confabulation
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episodic memory is
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autobiographical
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schematic memory
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we create a schema for our memory.
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