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207 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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defense mechanism involving rejection from consciousness of painful/shameful experiences
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repression
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defense mechanism: disavow feelings, thoughts and needs that cause anxiety
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denial
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defense mechanism: replace unacceptable urges with opposite
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reaction formation, ex. aggressive impulses replaced with obsessive disorder
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defense mechanism: give socially acceptable reason to explain unacceptable behavior/thought
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rationalization
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defense mechanism: attribute unacceptable wishes to another
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projection
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defense mechanism: transfer emotion for original idea/object to more acceptable/safer one
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displacement; phobias
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defense mechanism: stuck in stage of development had been attained, return in response to life problems can't cope with
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fixation
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defense mechanism: transform libidinal urges into socially-acceptable interests and activities
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sublimation
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defense mechanism: deposit unwanted aspects of self into another individual so feel at one with object of projection
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projective identification
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projective identification: divide external objects into all good or all bad
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splitting
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defense mechanism: control of affects and impulses by way of thinking about them instead of experiencing them
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intellectualization
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defense mechanism: symbolic acting-out in reverse of something unacceptable that has already been done
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undoing
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steps in psychoanalysis
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1. confrontation
2. clarification 3. interpretation 4. working through |
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Individual Psychology
1. Who 2. growth 3. maladjustment |
1. Adler
2. inferiority complexes motivate to grow 3. mistaken style of life |
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Neofreudian -- Horney
1. basis of anxiety 2. defense 3. healthy individual |
1. parent behaviors such as indifference, overprotection, rejection
2. defend against anxiety by adopt mode relating to others (move towards, move against, move away from others) 3. healthy individual uses all 3 modes |
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Neofreudian -- Harry Stack Sullivan
1. influences on personality development 2. modes that develop 3. causes of neurotic behavior |
1.cognitive experience role in personality development
2. sequential development in infant: prototaxic, parataxic, syntaxic 3. neurotic behavioroften caused by parataxic distortions, stay in that mode, deal with others as if significant people from early life |
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Neofreudian -- Erich Fromm
1. influences on personality 2. character styles 3. healthy |
1. societal factors -- prevent from realizing true nature
2. develop in response to society demands: receptive, exploitative, hoarding, marketing, productive 3. only productive allows realize true human nature -- creative, loving, productive |
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ego-analysts
1. who 2. ego functions |
1. Anna Freud, David Rappaport, Heinz Hartmann
2. emphasis ego role in personality dev, 2 functions: ego-defensive (resolve conflict) ego-autonomous (adaptive, non-conflict like learning) |
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goal of client-centered therapy, what required and what problems
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realize capacity for self-actualization -- need organized self (otherwise incongruence b/w self-concept and experience)
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therapist characteristics for client-centered
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1. accurate empathetic understanding (same world view)
2. unconditional positive regard 3. congruence (words and action, honest) |
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types of pathology in existential therapy
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1. normal/existential anxiety -- proportionate to cause
2. neurotic anxiety -- inability take responsibility own life |
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Gestalt Therapy
1. who 2. theory of personality 3. pathology 4. therapy |
1. Fritz Perls
2. assume responsibility and live as whole person -- self and self-image 3. boundary disturbance -- less control self, more control by self-image 4. awareness, here-and-now, wants vs. shoulds |
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Reality Therapy
1. who 2. goal therapy 3. basic needs 4. outcome |
1. Glasser
2. focus present behavior, realistic fulfill needs without harm self or others, take responsibility 3. basic needs: survival power belonging freedom fun 4. success vs. failure identity |
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Chodorow
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feminist object-relations theory
gender role construction mother-child relationship --> division of labor |
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self-in-relation theory
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type of feminist therapy
sense of self from how connect to others mother-daughter mutuality -- reciprocal relationships |
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Beck's 3 levels of cognition role in ppath
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1. automatic thoughts -- spontaneous from specific stimuli/situations
2. schemas / core beliefs / underlying assumptions -- internal models self and world 3. cognitive distortions -- errors in reasoning connect 1 and 2, process info so fit schema |
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cognitive therapy teach patients to (5)
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1. monitor negative automatic thoughts
2. recognize connection b/w cognition, affect, behavior 3. examine evidence for/against distorted automatic thoughts 4. substitute more reality-based interpretations 5. identify and alter schemas that predispose to distort experience |
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cognitive techniques (4)
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1. elicit automatic thoughts
2. decatastrophizing 3. reattribution 4. redefining |
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cognitive therapy -- behavior techniques (6)
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1. homework
2. activity scheduling 3. graded task assignments 4. hypothesis testing 5. behavioral rehearsal 6. diversion techniques |
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ABC of RET and who
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A -- experience undesirable events
B -- rational and irrational beliefs about events C -- create appropriate emotional/behavioral consequences with rational beliefs (inappropriate with irrational) Ellis |
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RET methods (5)
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1. direct confront irrational beliefs (musterbations)
2. contingency contracting 3. in-vivo desensitization 4. response prevention 5. psychoed |
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3 types stimulus control
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all modify existing S-R relationship or create new one
1. narrowing -- restrict TB to limited set stimuli 2. cue strengthening -- link TB want to increase to specific cues 3. competing responses -- eliminate R's that block TB or encourage R's that block undesired TB |
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interaction therapy
1. focus 2. 4 concepts |
1. communication therapy
2. double-bind communication metacommunication (report and command) symmetrical communications complementary communications |
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extended family systems therapy
1. who 2. major concepts 3. 2 techniques |
1. Bowen
2. differentiation, triangulation 3. genograms, triangulation by therapist |
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structural family therapy
1. who 2. major concepts (3) 3. goals (3) |
1. Minunchin
2. directive, here and now family structure/subystems boundaries (emeshment/disengagement) 3. joining create family map restructure family |
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structural family therapy -- 3 strategies restructure family
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1. enactment -- role play family relationships
2. reframing -- more positive terms family behavior 3. blocking -- from engage normal way, force new interactions |
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strategic family therapy
1. who 2. goal 3. source of family dysfunction |
1. Haley
2. reduce/eliminate symptoms in family systemm by disrupt patterns problem behavior 3. dysfunction from maintain homeostasis |
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strategic family therapy techniques (3)
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1. directives (straightforward or paradoxical)
2. reframing 3. circular questioning |
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Berry's Acculturation Model
1. what 2. modes (4) |
1. multidimensional w/ 2 indep dimensions (vs. continuum other models)
2. integration assimilation separation marginalization |
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Minority Identity Development Model
a. who b. stages |
a. Atkinson
b. 1. Conformity 2. Dissonance 3. Resistance and Immersion 4. Introspection 5. Synergistic Articulation and Awareness |
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Racial Interaction Model
1. Who 2. What 3. Interaction patterns (4) |
1. Helms
2. racial identity status/stage affects how relate to one another 3. 4 interaction patterns: parallel regressive progressive crossed |
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White Racial Identity Model
who and steps |
Helm
1. contact 2. disintegration 3. reintegration 4. pseudo-independence (re-examine beliefs) 5. immersion-emersion (try figure out how proud white w/o racist) 6. autonomy (s/w own culture, seek out cross-racial interactions) |
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Niegrescence Theory
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1. pre-encounter
2. encounter 3. immersion-emersion 4. internalization (openness, less anti-white) 5. internalization-commitment (political active) |
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homosexuality identity formation (McLaughlin)
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1. isolation (feel different)
2. alienation and shame (realize sexual difference) 3. rejection of self 4. passing as straight 5. consolidating a self-identity (call self) 6. acculturation (learn to be) 7. integrating self and public identity 8. pride and synthesis |
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Expectancy Theory job
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Expectancy
Instrumentality Valence |
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Bloom program evaluation steps (4)
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1. specify objectives
2. define parameters 3. specify techniques achieve goals 4. collect data |
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I/O -- ty0pes of justice (3)
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distributive
procedural interactional |
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Driver decision-making types (5)
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decisive
flexible hierarchic integrative systemic |
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path-goal theory of leadership
1. who 2. what 3. styles of leaders (4) 4. what depend on |
1. House
2. various styles leaders use help meet goals 2. IPSA instrumental participative supportive achievement 4. depends on workers and environments which leader style best |
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tricylics
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CIA
clomipramine (Anafranil) amitryptaline (Elavil) impiramine (Trofanil) |
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SSRI's
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FSP
floxetine sertraline paroxetine |
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MAOI's
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PhT
phenalzine (Nardil) tranylcypromine (Parnate) |
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MMPI validity scales
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L -- favorable light
F -- response carelessness K -- high: clinical defensiveness fake good / low: too self-dep (use to correct scale scores) |
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big 5
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OCEAN
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Sternberg intelligence (3)
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1. componential / analytical
2. experiential / creative 3. practical / contextual |
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Perkins intelligence (3)
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1. neural
2. experiential 3. reflective |
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Guilford intelligence
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120 elements
includes convergent and divergent |
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parts of graph for job selection
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slope = differential validity
intercept = unfairness |
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crisis intervention (3) steps
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1. formulation
2. implementation 3. termination |
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types rank-order (non-parametric) tests (3)
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Mann-Whitney -- indep samples
Wilcox Matched -- correlated samples Kruskal Wallis -- more than 2 groups (ANOVA) |
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correlation coefficient for trends
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eta
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correlation coefficient both rank variables
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rho
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correlation coefficients
1. 1 true dichot 2. 1 fake dichot 3. both true dichot 4. both fake dichot |
P's = true dichot
1. point biseral 2. biseral 3. phi 4. tetra |
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Erickson stages (8)
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1. trust v mistrust (B-1)
2. autonomy v s&d (1-3) 3. initiative v guilt (3-6) 4. industry v inferiority (6-P) 5. identity v ID confusion (adolesc) 6. intimacy v isolation (yound adult) 7. generativity v stagnation (mid adult 8. ego integrity v despair (old) |
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Brofenbrenner examples
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1. microsystem -- immed setting, family, daycare
2. mesosystem -- family-daycare interconnections 3. exosystem -- parent jobs, not direct contact child 4. macrosystem -- racism, cultural factors |
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law of effect
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response paired w/ satisfaction repeat, discomfort tend not to repeat
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law of exercise (Thorndike)
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response repeat in presence S becomes associated and tend to repeat in presence of (strengthen effect of satisfiers)
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law of readiness Thorndike
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organism must be ready to perform act before satisfying (motivational states)
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delayed condition
vs. trace conditioning |
delayed = CS 1st but overlaps US (most effective)
trace = CS start and end before US |
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blocking
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when initial CS1 and new CS2 presented at same time paired w/ US, CS2 associated is blocked and doesn't elicit CR
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reciprocal inhibition
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anxiety inhibited by response reciprocal (incompatible with) anxiety
similar to counterconditioning w/ additional assumption that physio mechanism (para vs. symp) |
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thining
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switching from continuous to intermittent reinforcement
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type of reinforcement schedule with lowest rate of responses and lowest resistance to extinction
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Fixed Interval -- number of responses clearly unconnected to reinforcement
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type of reinforcement most resistant to extinction
rate of responses |
variable ratio
fairly high and constant rate of responding |
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chars ratio schedules
chars variable schedules |
ratio most resist extinction
variable most steady levels responding (fixed produce scallop w/ increase as close to reinf) |
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matching law
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relative rate of responses proportionate to relative rate of reinforcement among 2 or more
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presence of retrograde and anterograde amnesia in various disorders
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brain concussions -- often moderate degree RA for events right before injury
more serious and rarer -- extensive RA, usually AA too Pseudodementia -- RA w/o AA Dissociative Amnesia -- RA w/o AA |
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acetylcholine ACH
1. class 2. functions (4) 3. problems (2) |
1. cholinergic neurons
2. causes muscles to contract inhibitory effect heart/respiratory muscles brain -- role memory & learning mediate sexual behavior and REM sleep 3. impaired voluntary movement Alzeimer's |
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catecholamines
1. name (3) 2. functions (3) |
1. norephinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine
2. personality, mood and drive states |
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norepinephrine and dopamine disorders
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depression lower norepinephrine
schizo excess dopamine nad morepinephrine Parkinson's dopamine |
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serotonin
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personality, mood, drive states
depression anxiety, aggression, sleep, modulate pain, certain types obesity |
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GABA
1. what is it 2. what does it do 3. two problem areas |
1. most common inhibitory neuron in brain
2. depressed CNS activity 3. low levels anxiety motor region deficits -- Huntington's Chorea |
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Glutamate
1. what is it 2. function 3. problem |
1. major excitatory CNS
2. memory 3. overactive brain damage from stroke |
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medulla
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vital functions like breathing, heart rate, digestion
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pons
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regulate states of arousal
connect 2 halves cerebellum |
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cerebellum
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extrapramidal motor system
balance |
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ataxia
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can result from damage to cerebellum
slurred speech, severe tremors, loss balance |
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reticular formation
1. what is 2. functions (2) |
1. interconnected nerve cells spinal cord, hindbrain, midbrain
2. sleep, arousal, filtering irrelevant info sensation pain/touch, control reflexes |
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hypothalamus
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1. maintain homeostasis
2. motivated behaviors eating, drinking, sex, aggression, maternal behavior 3. translate strong feelings into physical response |
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controls body circadian rhythms
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Suprachiasmatic nucleus SCN
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3 parts basal ganglia
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1. caudate nucleus
2. globus pallidus 3. putamen |
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amygdala 2 functions
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1. emotional behavior
2. defensive/aggresive behavior |
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septum
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1. part of limbic system
2. inhibits emotionality 3. rat pleasure area |
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parts of frontal lobe (3)
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1. primary motor cortext (pyramidal system)
2. Broca's area C. Prefrontal association cortex |
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frontal lobe personality
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depressive, apathy, lack drive
problems planning, attention sex, language, inappropriate social behavior |
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temporal lobe parts (2)
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primary auditory cortex
Wernicke's area |
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problems primary auditory cortex
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deficits selective attention, hallucinations delusions, mood disturbances
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:)
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oh yeah
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temporal lobe functions (3)
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receptive language, LT memory, emotion
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temporal lobe epilepsy
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deep emotions, religious
social cling change sex behavior |
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parietal lobe function and cortex
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touch-pressure, kinesthesia, pain
primary somatosensory cortex |
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parietal lobe problems (6)
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1. lesions insensitive touch other side body
2. contralateral disruption of movement 3. tactile agnosia w/ contralateral hand 4. impaired spatial orientation and facial recognition 5. contralateral neglect (lose interest/knowledge side of body) 6. agraphia |
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damage left vs. right
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left -- depression, intense anxiety
right -- apathy, indifferent, exaggerated short-lived emotion |
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stimulates pituitary gland
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hypothalamus
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adrenal gland
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secretes hormone cortisol --> convert energy stores
influenced by ACTH hormone pituitary |
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Fechner
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JND -- varies by magnitude original stimulus
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Stevens
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exponent/power law
varies by type of stimulus |
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structural imaging techniques
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CT
MRI |
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functional imaging techniques
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PET
SPECT functional MRI |
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symptoms brain tumor
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often depression/anxiety first
dull generalized headaches seizures nausea changes vision/hearing neuro effects like ataxia |
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neurotransmitters Huntington's Chorea
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glutamate, ACH, GABA, dopmaine
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tricyclics
1. what do 2. what treat 3. side effects |
1. block reuptake norepinephrine, serotonin
2. vegetative/physio symptoms panic attacks, agoraphobia, obsessive states (clomipramine OCD) 3. anticholinergic effects, cardio problems |
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SSRI
1. treat 2. benefit 3. side effects |
1. OCD, eating disorders, depression
2. more rapid effect 3. sex, gastro, headaches, initially worse sleep/anxiety |
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MAOIs
1. what do 2. what treat 3. side effects |
1. block enzymes break down norepinephrine and serotonin
2. atypical depression 3. hypotension, dizziness, weight gain, headache potentially fatal hypertensive crisis |
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Lithium side effects
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weight gain, tremor, mild cognitive impairment, gastric
finger tremor |
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tegretol
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anti-convulsant
Bipolar esp dysphoric and rapid cycling faster acting |
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Valproic acid
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treat mania
fewer side effects |
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antipsychotics
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THey make ME Crazy HAL
Thorazine Mellaril Clozaril Haldol |
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side effects antipsychotics
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anticholinergic and extrapyramidal side effects
tardive dyskensia |
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new antipsychotic
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clozapine
not tardive dyskinesia or other extrapyramidal side effects |
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benzodiazepines
1. main use 2. types 3. other uses 4. what do 5. side effects |
1. antianxiety/anxiolytic
2. Valium, Xanax, Kay Ate then and is now Happy Klonopin, Ativan, Halicion 3. generalized anxiety/panic, insomnia, severe alcohol withdrawal, petit mal epilepsy 4. enhance activity GABA 5. side effects drowsy, weight gain, gastric, motor disturbances, sex |
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barbiturates
1. names 2. use 3. new uses 4. what do 5. danger |
1. PAS them AL
Pentothal, Amytal, Seconal 2. no more use anxiety b/c others safer 3. Ambobartial acute management agitated patients Thiopental anethetic 4. interrupt impulses to RAS 5. addictive, suicide drug |
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beta-blockers
1. name 2. use 3. what do |
1. Inderal
2. hypertension, some anxiety -- especially performance, but physical vs. cognitive/psychic symptoms |
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Relationship reliability coefficients and criterion-related validity coefficient
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validity coefficient can be no larger than the square root of the product of the reliabilities criterion and predictor
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Correction for guessing formula – resulting distribution?
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resulting distribution has lower mean and larger SD
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IRT advantages (vs classical test theory) (3)
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item parameters are sample invariant
scores for different tests/sets of test items can be equated facilitates development of computer-adaptive tests |
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Split-half reliability – error?
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content sampling primary source of error
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determine relative worth of jobs to set wages
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Job evaluation
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relationship between age and job satisfaction
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Positive
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Hersey and Blanchard situational leadership model
1. what 2. types |
1. leader’s style should match employee’s maturity
2. LAbl & LResp = telling (HTask & LRelat) LAbl & HResp = selling (HTask & HRelat) HAbl & LResp = participating (LTask & HRelat) HAbl & HResp = (LTask & LRelat) delegating |
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Decision tree determine leadership style -- types and who
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autocratic, consultative, group
– Vroom, Yetton, Jago |
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Social loafing most likely when
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group is large and task is additive (vs. compensatory)
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loss of autobiographical history
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functional amensia
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steps stress inoculation
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1. education
2. learning and rehearsal 3. practice |
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Alzheimer’s progressive – types of amenesia
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start with anterograde, worsens and begin exhibit retrograde
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IPT target problem areas (4)
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Grief
Role disputes Role transitions Interpersonal deficits |
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reciprocal determinism =
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Bandura social learning theory
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gender identity development
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gender identity -- label (9mos - 3yrs)
gender stability -- same over time (4 yrs) gender consistency -- same over external change (hairstyle) (4-7 yrs) |
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anxious/avoidant attachment
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no distress mom leaves
avoid mom returns mom is rejecting |
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anxious/ressistant
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extreme distress mom leaves
ambivalent mom returns -- seeks contact but won't be soothed parent inconsistent |
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disorganized/disoriented
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combo avoid/resist
avoid mom sometimes wants to be close other times |
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research on increase in pay
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increases productivity -- more in quantity vs. quality
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goal-setting theory -- ideal goal difficulty
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more difficulty, more motivation as long as goal accepted
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3 requirements parametric stats
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1. normal distribution
2. homogeneity of variance (of groups) 3. indep of observations (score 1 not affected by score of other participant) |
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coefficient of determination
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r2
amount score on variable y predicted by score on variable x |
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R2
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multiple regression
proportion of variance explained by several X's to predict Y |
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SEM circular relationships
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use LISREL
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organizational change strategies (3)
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empirical-rational (info benefit self and company)
power-coercive normative-reeducative |
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decision making models
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rational-economic (maximizing)
Simon's administrative model (satisficing) |
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management by objective goal setting works best for
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low education
low need for achievement |
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standard error of measurement
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SD x sqrt(1 - rxx)
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fact witness
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no opinion
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split brain
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sensory info to opp hemp
once in hemp, need corpus collosum to get to other side |
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prosopagnosia
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prospect -- can't recognize faces
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anosognosia
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I-no-so bad
can't recognize own deficits |
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Neo-Freudians (3)
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1. Horney -- parent behaviors, move toward/against/away others
2. HS Sullivan -- prototaxic, parataxic (neurotic), syntaxic 3. Fromm -- society keeps from productive nature |
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ego-analysis
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re-parent
build more adaptive defenses |
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object-relations negative outcome
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split reps of other people -- sometimes all good, other times all bad
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Kohut
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self psychology
type of object-relations child narcissism thwarted --> develop grandiose self to protect |
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Gestalt Psychology
1. who 2. what |
1. Perls
2. self vs. self-image boundary disturbances -- OK to use if aware goal awareness, hear and now |
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reality therapy 2 outcomes
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1. take responsibility for actions
2. success ID = meet needs responsibly, w/o hurt other's rights |
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transactional analysis
who and what |
Berne
child, parent, adult ego states scripts of strokes Life positions -I'm Ok, you're OK transactions b/w ego states -- complementary, crossed, ulterior (games) |
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equifinality
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family systems
END result same no matter where enter system pattern matters, not topic of argument |
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equipotentiality
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family systems
1 cause different POTENTIAL results |
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negative feedback
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maintains homeostasis
dad yell child misbehave |
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positive feedback
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encourage change
disrupt homeostasis mom at home gets job |
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Minuchin types of triangles
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1. triangulation = each parent what kid side w/ him/her
2. detouring = reinforce child deviant behavior b/c focus off parent problems 3. stable coalition = 1 parent w/ child against other parent |
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client variables and therapy outcomes
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better predictors, specifically
intelligence openness developing motivation during therapy both clear on goals ego strength moderate expectations |
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what accts for large proportion of treatment outcome variance?
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working alliance
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reinforcement schedules
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ratio = # REsponses
interval (IT) = time |
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sleep hallucinations
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pomp = wake up halluc
gog = go to bed halluc |
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anticholinergic effects
1. what 2. list |
1. side effects tricylics
2. dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, blurred vision, nasal congestion |
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types aphasia 3
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1. Wernicke's -- problem understanding and have fluent speech but no meaning
2. Conduction -- OK speak and understand but CAN'T repeat what hear 3. Broca -- nonfluent, slow speech |
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multicollinearity
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problem of high correlation among predictors in regression
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canonical correlation
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more than one CRITERION and predictor in MR
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discriminate functional analysis
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predict which criterion GROUP will belong (vs. MR predict criterion SCORE) using scores on variables
need differential validity (each predictor different correlation w/ each criterion) |
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logistical regression
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when assumptions not met for discriminate function analysis
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stratified random sampling
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SES
randomly sample from several subgroups so proportionate representation of each |
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cluster sampling
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CLASSROOM
unit = naturally occurring group study city, pick blocks randomly, study all people in chosen blocks |
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quasi-experiment
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intact groups
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correlational research and internal validity
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has none
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levels of measurement
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NOIR
nominal ordinal interval ratio |
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z
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= (X-M)/SD
score minus mean divided by SD |
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sampling error
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different between sample value (statistic) and population value (parameter)
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Standard Error of Mean
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= sd/(sqrt N)
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df
1. 1 sample t-test 2. independent samples t-test 3. correlation samples t-test 4. ANOVA |
1. N-1
2. N-2 3. N-1, N = pairs of scores 4. df(b) = K-1 df(w) = N-K K = # groups |
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scheffe
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minimize type 1 error
posthoc comparison |
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tukey
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posthoc comparison
only pairwise |
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types comparisons after ANOVA
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posthoc vs. apriori
pairwise vs. complex |
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1-way ANOVA for repeated measures
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all subjects got all levels IV
or more than 2 matched groups |
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chi-square
1. df 2. expected frequency for each cell |
1. one-sample df = C-1
multiple-sample df = (C-1)(R-1) 2. F(e) = (column total x row total)/(total N) |
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contingency correlation
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2 nominal variables
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regression assumptions
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1. linear relationship x and y
2. error scores normal distribution and mean = 0 3. correlation b/w error scores and criterion scores 0 4. relationship b/w error scores and criterion scores homoscedastic |
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dummy codes
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use regression instead of ANOVA
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Central Limit Theorem
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1. as sample size increases, shape sampling distribution of means approaches normal shape (even if pop distribution not normal)
2. mean sampling distribution = mean of population |
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variance of sampling distribution
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less variability than population distribution
SD = standard error of the mean |
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communality
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h2
proportion of variance int est attributable to factors square factor loadings and add together can only do w/ orthogonal factors |
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u2
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unique variance of test
1-h2 true specific variance plus error variance |
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PCA vs. factor analysis
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PCA
1. factor = principal component or eigenvector 2. total variance = explained and error (no h2 vs. u2) 3. factors always uncorrelated |
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assumptions item response theory
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1. performance on item related to estimated amount latent trait being measured (can compare scores of people tested w/ different items)
2. invariance of item parameters (results of testing sample free) 3. can compare total test scores of sample to proportion who answered each item correctly |
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p level
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item difficulty
% got item right |
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avg difficulty level for t/f test
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.75 -- halfway b/w success w/ chance and everyone getting right
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scale of p level
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ordinal
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D
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item discrimination
= (% got right upper score group) - (% got right lower score group) 100 = max |
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relationship item discrimination and item difficulty
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item difficulty level (p) places upper limit on item discrimination (D)
p = .5, then max D |
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relationship D and test reliability
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higher mean D, higher reliability
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other ways calculate item discrimintation
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correlate w/ total test and retain high correlation items (if measure 1 trait)
correlate w/ external criterion |
