Eppp -Diagnosis & Psychopathology

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Adjustment Disorder

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Mental disorder characterized by a maladaptive response to a psychosocial stressor. Symptoms begin within three months of the onset of the stressor and terminate within 6 months of the termination of the stressor or its consequences.

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Agoraphobia

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Anxiety Disorder involving a fear of being alone in public places where escape might be difficult or help unavailable in case of a symptom attack. Occurs with or without Panic Disorder.

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Alzheimer's Disease

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orm of Dementia involving a progressive deterioration of brain tissue. Onset is usually after the age of 65.

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Anorexia Nervosa

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Eating disorder characterized by a morbid fear of gaining weight, abnormalities in perception of one's weight, restriction of food intake, and refusal to maintain a normal body weight.

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Antisocial Personality Disorder

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Personality Disorder characterized by superficial charm, lying, lack of regard for the rights of others, absence of shame or remorse, and an inability to form close relationships and learn from experience.

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Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

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Disorder of childhood and adolescence characterized by developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and/or overactivity. In most cases, signs of the disorder (especially inattention and impulsivity) persist through adulthood.

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Autistic Disorder

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Pervasive Developmental Disorder characterized by impairments in social interactions, verbal and nonverbal communication, and imaginative activities. Onset is prior to age 3 and course is lifelong.

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Axis I Disorders

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n DSM-IV, clinical syndromes and other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention. Except for mental retardation and the personality disorders, all mental disorders are coded on Axis I.

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Axis II Disorders

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In DSM-IV, mental retardation and/or enduring personality disorders.

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Bipolar I Disorder

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Mood Disorder involving one or more manic or mixed episodes, often (but not necessarily) with major depressive episodes.

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Bipolar II Disorder

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Mood Disorder involving hypomanic and major depressive episodes. The person with this disorder has never had a full-blown manic or mixed episode.

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Borderline Personality Disorder

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Personality Disorder characterized by long-standing instability in affects, interpersonal relations, and self-image.

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Brief Psychotic Disorder

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Disorder involving psychotic symptoms (e.g., incoherence, hallucinations, delusions) for a period lasting at least one day but no longer than one month. Often occurs following a severely traumatic event, in which case the specifier "With Marked Stressor"

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Bulimia Nervosa

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Eating Disorder involving episodic binge eating followed by induced vomiting, the use of laxatives or diuretics, and/or excessive exercising. Unlike those with Anorexia Nervosa, the person with Bulimia is not significantly underweight.

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Circumstantiality

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A term that describes speech that is indirect and delayed in reaching the point because of unnecessary details and parenthetical remarks. In contrast to incoherence or loose associations, the person remains aware of and eventually gets back to the main po

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Compulsions

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Irresistible, repetitive behaviors or rituals that are recognized by a person as irrational, but that cannot be controlled. Often occur in response to obsessive thoughts.

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Conversion Disorder

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Somatoform Disorder characterized by impairments in sensory or voluntary motor functions. The impairments suggest a physiological cause, but none is present. Symptoms are not voluntarily produced or feigned.

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Cyclothymic Disorder

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Mood Disorder involving numerous periods of hypomania and depressed mood, on a regular basis for at least two years (one year for children and adolescents). The full criteria for Major Depressive or Manic Episodes are never met.

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Delirium

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Mental Disorder that is almost always caused by the direct physiological effects of a general medical condition or a substance (it can also be caused by factors such as sensory deprivation). Characterized by mental confusion, clouded consciousness, and di

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Delusional Disorder

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Mental disorder characterized by persistent, nonbizzare delusions, such as the delusion that one is the object a famous person's love (this is considered nonbizzare because it does not violate the known laws of physics). Symptoms usually do not result in

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Dementia

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A mental disorder that is always due either to the physiological effects of a general medical condition or the persisting effects of substance use; characterized by deterioration in memory and other mental abilities (e.g., judgment, executive function).

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Dissociative Disorders

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Group of disorders marked by sudden changes in one's consciousness, identity, or motor behavior, including amnesia, fugue states, multiple identities, and feelings of loss of reality. Include Dissociative Identity Disorder, Dissociative Fugue, Dissociativ

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Dysthymic Disorder

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Mood Disorder similar to major depression but of lesser intensity, encompassing chronic depressed mood for most of the day more days than not for at least two years, or one year for children and adolescents.

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ECT

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Electroconvulsive (shock) therapy. Induced cerebral convulsions contingent on and responsive to electric charges, the result of which is to elevate an extremely depressed state. Used with agitated and severely depressed individuals who do not respond to a

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Enuresis

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Chronic inappropriate urination that occurs beyond the age at which bladder control should have been acquired.

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Factitious Disorder

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Disorder in which physical and/or psychological symptoms are intentionally produced, due to the person's motivation to adopt the "sick role."

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder

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Anxiety Disorder characterized by excessive worry or anxiety about a number of events, more days than not, for at least 6 months.

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Histrionic Personality Disorder

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Personality Disorder characterized by excessive emotionality and attention-seeking.

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Hypnagogic vs. Hypnopompic Hallucinations

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Hypnagogic hallucinations are intense dreamlike images that occur just before one falls asleep, while hypnopompic hallucinations are intense dreamlike images that occur just after awakening.

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Hypochondriasis

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Somatoform Disorder involving a misinterpretation of physical symptoms and a preoccupation with having (or belief that one has) a serious illness.

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Hypomanic Episode

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Persistent elevated, expansive, or irritable mood insufficient in severity to cause marked impairment in social or occupational functioning. A symptom of a number of disorders, including Cyclothymic Disorder and Bipolar II Disorder.

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ID

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According to Freud, the aspect of the personality present at birth, that operates according to the pleasure principle; characterized by a desire for immediate gratification of sexual and aggressive impulses.

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Learned Helplessness

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A state of feeling that one has no control over a situation, hence one's affect is helpless and apathetic. Occurs when formerly successful behavior fails to produce the expected reinforcers. Associated with depression.

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Loose Associations

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Thinking characterized by speech in which ideas shift from one subject to other unrelated subjects, with the speaker showing no sign of awareness that the topics are unrelated. A sign of psychosis.

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Major Depressive Disorder

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Mood Disorder involving the presence of one or more major depressive episodes.

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Major Depressive Episode

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Mood disturbance characterized by a persistent depressed or irritable mood, diminished interest and pleasure in usual activities, appetite and sleep disturbances, impaired cognitive functioning, and suicidal ideation and/or attempts.

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Malingering

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Voluntary faking of physical or psychological symptoms in order to avoid responsibility or achieve some reward. An "Other Condition That May Be a Focus of Clinical Attention" in DSM-IV.

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Manic Episode

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Mood disturbance characterized by a persistent and abnormal elevated, irritable, or expansive mood, present for at least one week and severe enough to cause marked impairment in functioning, require hospitalization, and/or be associated with psychotic fea

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Mental Disorders Due To A General Medical Condition

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Disorders that are diagnosed when symptoms of a mental disorder occur as the direct physiological consequence of a general medical condition. Examples include Dementia Due to Alzheimer's Disease, Psychotic Disorder Due to Epilepsy, Mood Disorder Due to Hy

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Mental Retardation

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Disorder characterized by subaverage intellectual functioning (IQ score 70 or below), deficits in adaptive functioning, and onset before age 18. Coded on Axis II in DSM-IV.

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Multi-Axial Diagnosis

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System used by DSM requiring evaluation along several dimensions -- primary psychological/psychiatric disorder(s), underlying character disorder(s), general medical conditions, environmental stressors, and global assessment of functioning.

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Narcissistic Personality Disorder

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Personality Disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy.

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Narcolepsy

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Sleep Disorder characterized by a sudden transition from a waking state to REM sleep.

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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

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Disorder involving recurrent obsessions or compulsions that cause marked distress or impairment.

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Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

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Personality Disorder characterized by a preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control, at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency.

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Panic Disorder

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Anxiety Disorder characterized by recurrent unexpected panic attacks. May occur with or without Agoraphobia.

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Paranoid Personality Disorder

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Personality Disorder characterized by pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent.

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Paraphilias

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Sexual Disorders in which sexual satisfaction is derived from nonhuman objects, the humiliation of oneself or one's partner, or by sexual activities with a child or nonconsenting partner.

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Parasomnias

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Sleep Disorders involving an abnormal event (e.g., sleepwalking) during sleep or at the threshold between wakefulness and sleep.

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Pervasive Developmental Disorders

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A category which includes disorders that involve a constellation of symptoms beginning in childhood, usually before age 3, that are abnormal for any developmental stage and involve severe impairment in multiple areas of functioning. They include Autistic

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Pica

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Eating Disorder characterized by consumption of nonnutritive substances.

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Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

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Anxiety Disorder which follows a traumatic event involving experiencing or witnessing actual or threatened death, serious injury, or a threat to physical integrity. Symptoms include reexperiencing of the event, numbing of responsiveness, and increased aro

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Ritalin

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CNS stimulant drug used in the treatment of ADHD.

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Schizoaffective Disorder

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Disorder involving characteristics of both Schizophrenia and a Mood Disorder (major depressive or manic episode).

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Schizoid Personality Disorder

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Personality Disorder characterized by detachment from social relationships and restricted range of emotional expression in interpersonal settings.

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Schizophrenia

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Psychotic disorder involving active psychotic symptoms (e.g., delusions, hallucinations, incoherence, catatonia) for at least one month, with signs of disturbance lasting for at least six months.

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Schizophreniform Disorder

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Psychotic disorder involving symptoms of Schizophrenia that have a duration of at least one month, but less than six months.

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Schizotypal Personality Disorder

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Personality Disorder characterized by acute discomfort with and reduced capacity for close relationships as well as cognitive and perceptual distortions and eccentric behavior.

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Separation Anxiety Disorder

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Childhood disorder involving intense fear when the child is separated from a major attachment figure.

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Social Phobia

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Phobic Disorder involving fear of situations in which the individual might be exposed to public scrutiny or humiliation.

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Somatoform Disorder

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Mental disorders involving physical symptoms that cannot be fully accounted for by medical findings. Persons with these disorders are not intentionally faking. Include Body Dysmorphic Disorder, Conversion Disorder, Hypochondriasis, Somatization Disorder,

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Specific Phobia

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Phobic Disorder involving an irrational fear of a specific object or situation (e.g., snakes, insects, heights).

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Substance Abuse

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Maladaptive behavior pattern resulting from substance use that is not sufficient in severity to warrant a diagnosis of Substance Dependence.

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Substance Dependence

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The more serious of the two Substance Use Disorders. Characterized by symptoms indicative of substance addiction, such as tolerance, withdrawal, significant time given up from important activities to use or obtain the substance, etc.

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Substance-Induced Mental Disorder

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Mental disorder due to the direct physiological consequences of substance use; e.g., intoxication, withdrawal, substance-induced psychotic disorder, etc.

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Tourette's Disorder

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Tic Disorder involving multiple motor tics and one or more vocal tics (e.g., clicks, yelps, grunts, coprolalia).

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Vascular Dementia

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Dementia due to cerebrovascular disease; characterized by an abrupt onset and a stepwise, patchy course.