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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Early Developmental Milestones
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rolling over = 2.8 mos
sitting alone = 5.5 mos standing holding on = 5.8 mos walking holding on = 9.2 mos standing alone = 11.5 mos walking alone = 12.1 mos walking up stairs = 17.1 mos |
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Equilibration
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Piaget
combination of assimilation & accommodation, motivated by a drive for order or balance used to understand new information or event |
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Object Constancy
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Margaret Mahler
ability to maintain mother's image when she is absent AND the ability to unify the good & bad aspects of the mother into a whole representation |
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Model of Identity Development
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J.E. Marcia, 1980
DIFFUSION: not yet in crisis or exploration of identity FORECLOSURE: commitment to an identity formulated by a parent or other influential person MORATORIUM: identity crisis, exploring options ACHIEVEMENT: crisis resolved by evaluating alternatives & committing to an identity |
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Theory of Moral Development
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Kohlberg
PRECONVENTIONAL (age 4-10) 1. Punishment-Obedience 2. Instrumental Hedonism CONVENTIONAL (age 10-13) 3. Goodboy/girl Orientation (desire to be liked) 4. Law & Order Orientation POSTCONVENTIONAL (some adults) 5. Morality of Contract, Individual Rights, & Democratically Accepted Laws 6. Morality of Individual Principles of Conscience |
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Centration
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per Piaget, the young child's inability to focus on >1 aspect of an object (usually the most salient aspect)
occurs during preoperational stage |
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Kochanska et al - development of conscience
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conscience develops as a result of parenting style & child temperament
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Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Approach
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5 levels of environmental influence:
MICROSYSTEM: bidirectional relationships 1 has with different influential environments MESOSYSTEM: interlocking influence of all microsystems EXOSYSTEM: relationship between several settings, with 1 or more indirectly affecting the person MACROSYSTEM: influence of culture, economy, etc CHRONOSYSTEM: role of passage of time in a person's life |
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Piaget's Theory of Moral Development
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Heteronomous (age 5-10): rules are decided by authority figures, can't be changed, must be followed
Autonomous (10->): rules are flexible, agreed upon by others, can be changed if necessary |
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Types of memory most affected by aging
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* greatest decline is in recent LTM, followed by decline in working memory
* remote LTM, memory span, & sensory memory are relatively unaffected * episodic memory is more negatively affected than semantic or procedural memory * some deficits in metamemory (older people less likely to use strategies) |
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Gilligan's Relational Crisis
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at 12-13 girls respond to pressure to fit cultural stereotypes by disconnecting from themselves
girls also experience a "loss of voice" when they realize women's opinions aren't valued consequences: drop in academic achievement, loss of self-esteem,increased vulnerability to MH problems (males experience a similar crisis in early childhood) |
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Anaclitic depression
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withdrawal, developmental delays, unresponsiveness due to separation from a parent (especially 6 mos -1 yr)
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age that conformity to peers peaks:
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14-15, children are most susceptible to positive, negative, & neutral influence
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best predictor of reoffense in juvenile offenders
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age at first offense
(younger the age at first offense, higher the risk of recidivism) |
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Gilligan's Theory of Moral Development
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tailored to girls, who are more influenced by caring for others; research support mixed
Level 1: Orientation of Individual Survival Transition 1: Selfishness to Responsibility Level 2: Goodness as self-sacrifice Transition 2: Goodness to truth Level 3: Morality of nonviolence |
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Montessori Method
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based on assumption that learning stems from sense perception & can be maximized with instruction emphasizing the senses
designed for children with MR experiential learning, child-centered, at own pace |
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Leading causes of death in adolescents & young adults:
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1st - MVA's (36%)
2nd - homicide (but is 1st for African-Americans) 3rd - suicide (rates are increasing) |
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Model of Sexual Orientation Identity Development
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IDENTITY CONFUSION
IDENTITY COMPARISON: feelings of alienation IDENTITY TOLERANCE: homosexuality is tolerated IDENTITY ACCEPTANCE: homosexuality is seen as valid IDENTITY PRIDE: homosexuality is preferred over hetersexuality IDENTITY SYNTHESIS: sexual orientation is integrated |
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Scaffolding
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in Vygotsky's theory
working in the zone of proximal development, providing shaping & modeling what skills are needed for next stage of growth, when a child truly needs it |
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Patterson's model of delinquency
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results from predictable sequence:
1. use of coercive, inconsistent discipline results in escalation & child learning to control through coercive means 2. child experiences academic failure & peer rejection 3. child becomes depressed & is more likely to join a deviant peer group |
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Most common nutritional problem among the elderly in the U.S.:
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obesity due to overeating, lack of exercise, & lack of a balanced diet
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parental attention to what sense plays the most critical role in healthy infant development?
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tactile sense
e.g., Harlow's monkeys seeking comfort contact |
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Critical Period
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specific period in the development of the organism when it is especially susceptible to positive or negative environmental influences
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