Epithelium And Connective Tissue Lecture

Front 1

How does epithelial tissue function in secretion? Excretion? Sensory function?

Back 1

1. via glands and organ linings that secrete mucus 2. filtration barrier in the kidney 3. taste buds, olfactory glands, cells in the eye

Front 2

What is a feature of epithelium that keeps the body sterile?

Back 2

It is avascular

Front 3

What are the two ends of most epithelial cells? What does having these two ends mean?

Back 3

Apical and Basolateral regions--the cell is polarized

Front 4

Where are cilia and microvilli found on epithelial cells?

Back 4

On the apical end

Front 5

Which end of the polarized cell is larger? Exceptions?

Back 5

The Basolateral end--seminiferous tubules

Front 6

Where are tight junctions always located? If you want to transport things through a cell layer what do you do?

Back 6

At the apical region--you must transport through a cell

Front 7

Is the basement membrane always connected to the connective tissue beneath it?

Back 7

No--in the lungs and glomerulus, it goes Epithelium-->Basement Lamina-->Epithelium

Front 8

True or false--the basement membrane can be easily viewed.

Back 8

False--you have to use EM

Front 9

What forms the interconnecting basement lamina layer? What binds them together?

Back 9

Type 4 collagen, laminin--as well as nidogan and perlecan--NON COVALENT BONDS

Front 10

What is found below the basement membrane?

Back 10

Type 2 collagen connective tissue, as well as Type 7 collagen forming ANCHORING FIBRIL LOOPS from the basement membrane to the Type 2 connective

Front 11

What is the difference between microvilli, cilia, and stereocilia?

Back 11

Microvilli are apical ACTIN based extensions of the plasma membrane that are non-motile--Cilia are MT based motile and non-motile extensions--Stereocilia are just long microvilli(ACTIN)

Front 12

Discuss the Basal Infolding.

Back 12

It is used to increase SA and mitochondrial concentration can be very high here

Front 13

Name the four types of junctions. Which two are similar? Which one is not technically a junction?

Back 13

Zonula Adherens, Macula Adherens(Desmosomes), Hemidesmosomes, and Nexus/Gap Junctions--MA and hemi are both IM attachment sites, but hemi's are connections to the BM--the gap junction

Front 14

Where are simple squamous epithelial cells found?

Back 14

Line blood vessels, Bowman's capsule

Front 15

Simple cuboidal epithelium is found where?

Back 15

exocrine and kidney ducts

Front 16

Where is simple columnar epithelium found? Where are their nuclei found?

Back 16

Larger exocrine glands and GI surfaces--found at basolateral end

Front 17

What does the simple in simple columnar epithelium mean?

Back 17

That all cells touch the basement membrane and reach the lumen as well

Front 18

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium is found where?

Back 18

The trachea and olfactory epithelium as well as the male reproductive tract

Front 19

Where are stratified squamous cells found?

Back 19

In the epidermis, oral cavity, and vagina

Front 20

What epithelial cells possess many nuclei so that they can easily divide quickly?

Back 20

Non-keratinized epithelium

Front 21

Where is stratified cuboidal and columnar epithelium found? How are they defined?

Back 21

Exocrine glands and the anorectal region--by the outermost layer

Front 22

Transitional epithelium is found where?

Back 22

In the Urinary tract

Front 23

Where do glands come from?

Back 23

ALL of them start as budding off of epithelium and endocrine glands are eventually vascularized

Front 24

What is the acinus?

Back 24

The gland/non-duct part of an exocrine gland

Front 25

What are the three types of secretions based on content?

Back 25

Serous(protein), Mucous(sugary), and mixed

Front 26

What do myoepithelial cells do and where are they found?

Back 26

They are found on some exocrine glands and they contract to help the glands expel their contents

Front 27

What are the three types of hormones based on secretion pathway?

Back 27

Merocrine(exocytosis), Holocrine(whole cell disintegration to be excreted; sebaceous), and Apocrine(apical end of cells are pinched off; milk)

Front 28

What is metaplasia? Dysplasia? Give examples.

Back 28

Change into a different cell type(smoker's trachea); abnormal change(cancer)

Front 29

Where does cell renewal occur in stratified types of tissue?

Back 29

Only in the basal cells

Front 30

What is the difference between a carcinoma and an adenocarcinoma?

Back 30

Carcinoma is a tumor of the epithelium; adenocarcinoma is a tumor of the glandular epithelium

Front 31

From what is connective tissue derived? What differentiates it from epithelium?

Back 31

MESODERM--cells are not bound to each other like epithelium

Front 32

What are the types of connective tissue?

Back 32

Loose and dense--dense is divided into regular and irregular--irregular type consists of collagen and elastin

Front 33

What are four specialized types of connective tissue?

Back 33

Cartilage, bone, blood, and adipose

Front 34

What type of cell is a WBC?

Back 34

A transient cell

Front 35

Which cells secrete the matrix, fibers, and ground substance? True or false--these cells divide frequently.

Back 35

Fibroblasts--False; they only divide when repair is occurring

Front 36

Where are adipocyte nuclei found? What are the types of adipocytes? What hormones are secreted by adipocytes? What about blood vessels?

Back 36

Pushed to the edge of the cell by their contents--White and brown types--Peptide YY and Leptin are released to control and reduce appetite, ghrelin is released to STIMULATE appetite, and insulin also has an effect

Front 37

What are mast cells derived from? What do they produce? What do these cause? What is their function? Where are they found?

Back 37

Developed from bone marrow--heparins and histamines--histamine increases vascular permeability and heparin thins the blood--allergic reactions--function is to attract WBC's--found in connective tissues of airways

Front 38

What are pericytes?

Back 38

Pluripotential cells that can become endothelial cells when capillaries get damaged

Front 39

What are liver macrophages? Lung? Epidermal? Bone? CNS?

Back 39

Kupffer cells--Dust cells--Langerhans cells--osteoclasts--microglia

Front 40

What are derived from B lymphocytes that commit to antibody secretion? How are they distinguished

Back 40

Plasma cells--Clock Face nuclei

Front 41

What are GAG's and proteoglycans?

Back 41

GAG's are long, unbranched, anionic polysaccharide chains(like heparin sulfate) and Proteoglycans are many GAG's attached to a protein core(like agrecan)

Front 42

Name the fibrillar collagens. Name the fibrilassociated type. Name the basement membrane type.

Back 42

1(bone),2(cartilage),3,5,11--7--4

Front 43

Where are collagens synthesized and secreted? Where does the non-helical ends cleaving and polymerization occur?

Back 43

In the RER lumen--extracellular

Front 44

Where is tropoelastin made? What happens next?

Back 44

Made in fibroblasts--fibrillin binds after polymerization with COVALENT BONDS

Front 45

From what collagen type are reticular fibers derived?

Back 45

Type 3

Front 46

What secretes reticular fibers? Where are they found?

Back 46

Reticulocytes secrete reticular fibers and hold on to them--found in the spleen and lymph nodes

Front 47

What are integrins? What do they do?

Back 47

Cell surface matrix receptors--they allow cells to move around when they need to

Front 48

What are some connective tissue diseases?

Back 48

Atherosclerosis, diabetes causing basement membrane thickening, Fibrotic disorders, emphysema