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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name the 4 basic types of tissue
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epithelium, connective, muscle, nervous
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5 principle functions of epithelia
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1. barrier (protection)
2. secretion (mucus, hormones, enzymed) 3. absorption (from lumen inestine) 4. Transport 5. Detection of sensations (taste buds, retina in eye) |
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Type IV Collagen
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Lamina Densa
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Type VII Collagen
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Anchoring Fibrils
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Type III Collagen
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Lamina Reticularis
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Type I Collagen
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connective tissue; elastic fibers in skin
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At What level do you see the Basal Lamina?
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ElectroMagnetic (EM)
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What is the importance of Cell Polarity?
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Cells grow tall rather than staying flat
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2 parts that make up the Basal Lamina
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Lamina Densa, Lamina Lucida
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Where does the basal lamina lie?
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below the plasma membrane of epithelium
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Lamina lucida consists mainly of....(3 things)
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1. glycoproteins
2. Specifically laminin and entactin 3. transmembrane proteins: integrins and dystroglycans |
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Lamina densa consists of...(4 things)
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1. collagen type IV
2. proteoglycans (like a test tube cleaner) 3. heparan sulfate (GAG) 4. fibronectin (glycoprotein) |
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type of proteoglycan that coats lamina densa
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perlacan
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fibronectin is made by...
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fibroblasts
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what type of collagen makes up anchoring fibrils?
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collagen type VII
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what attaches basal lamina to the lamina reticularis?
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anchoring fibrils
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what attaches basil lamina to elastic fibers?
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microfibrils
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laminin has binding sites for (3 things)
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1. Coll. type IV
2. heparan sulfate 3. integrins |
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what anchors the PM of cells to the basal lamina?
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laminin
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2 components of the basement membrane
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basal lamina + lamina reticularis
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what is dystrophin?
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in muscle cells
-binds to laminin (external lamina) -binds to actin filaments (inside cell) |
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what is Duchenne's muscular dystrophy?
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-occurs in the absence of dystrophin
-progressive muscular weakness |
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which chromosome is Dystrophin located on?
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X chromosome
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what happens when there is a mutation of collagen VII gene?
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-dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa
-blistering skin disease -epithelium is detached below BM |
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a single layer of epithelium is called...?
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simple epithelium
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epithelium with many layers is called...?
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stratified epithelium
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square shaped epithelial cells
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cuboidal
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tall epithelial cells
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columnar
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flat epithelial cells
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squamos
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3 surface characteristics of epithelial cells
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1. microvilli
2. cilia 3. flagella |
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where can you find simple squamos epithelium?
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lining of blood vessels, lungs (alveoli) lining, bowman's capsule
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function of simple squamos epithelium?
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sites for fluid, metabolite, gas exchange
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location of simple cuboidal epithelium
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kidney tubules, covering ovary, ducts of glands (pancreas)
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function of simple cuboidal epithelium
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protection, secretion, absorption
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location of simple columnar epithelium
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stomach, small intestines, gall bladder
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function of simple columnar epithelium
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protection, secretion, absorption
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location of psuedostratified epithelium
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trachea and epididymis
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function of pseudostratified epithelium
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protective lining, secretion, absorption
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Type of epithelium where all cells do NOT reach the surface
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Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
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2 types of stratified squamos epithelium and their location
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1. Mucous (non-keratinized) - esophagus
2. Cutaneous (keratinized) - skin |
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location of stratified cuboidal epithelium (2 places)
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1. ducts of sweat glands
2. large ducts of exocrine glands |
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location of stratified columnar epithelium
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ducts of large glands
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location of transitional epithelium (3 places)
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bladder, ureter, urethra
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3 domains of epithelium (top to bottom)
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1. apical
2. lateral 3. basal |
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name a structure found in the apical domain of epithelium
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microvili
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what is the core of microvili made of?
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actin microfilaments
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myosin I
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holds core of actin in microvili to the plasma membrane
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what is the base of microvili attached to?
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actin filaments of the terminal web
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5 components of terminal web
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actin filaments, intermediate filaments, spectrin, myosin II, tropomyosin
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what is spectrin?
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anchors terminal web to the apical plasma membrane
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what are stereocilia? what is their function?
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very long microvilli; increase absorption of cells
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what is found near microvili to provide ATP?
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mitochondria
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what is a basal body and where is it found?
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9 sets of 3 microtubules to form a centriole; found at the base of cilia and flagella
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what is the core of cilia made of?
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axoneme (arrangements of microtubules)
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describe the cilia complex
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9 doublets of microtubules, around 2 single microtubules.
+ dyenin arms |
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what is the purpose of dyenin arms?
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hydrolyses ATP for cilia energy
-found on subunit A of cilia |
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what is on subunit B of cilia?
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10 protofilaments
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what is Kartagener's syndrome
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immotile cilia syndrome; results in hereditary defects of dyenin
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what happens to males with Kartagener's syndrome?
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infertility; immotile sperm
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Zonula Occludens
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-tight jxn
-no molecules can pass either way |
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Occludins and claudins
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transmembrane proteins that make tight jxns (zonula occludens)
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Occludins and Claudins interact with actin filaments via...?
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ZO-1
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2 pathogens that act on tight jxns and lead to permeable jxns?
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cytomegalovirus and cholera toxins
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fxn of zonula occludens?
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-prevent water-soluble molecules from passing btwn cells
-prevent movement of membrane proteins |
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bacteria that attacks zonula occludens in intestines and causes massive movement of fluid into lumen
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clostridium perfringes
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bacteria that targets ZO-1 and JAM of zonula occludens in stomach. causes gastric ulcers
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helicobacter pylori
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bacteria that causes diarrhea in intestines. attacks ZO-1 and ZO-2 of zonula occludens
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Cholera Toxin
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dust mites + fecal pellets inhaled...what happens?
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zonula occludens jxns breaks down and exposes lungs to inhaled allergen and initiates immune response
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which zonula is directly below zonula occludens?
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zonula adherens
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purpose of zonula adherins?
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-adhesion; band that holds cells together
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E-cadherins
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-found in zonula adherins
-Ca++ dependent proteins |
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what on zonula adhesins bind to E-cadherins and actin microfilaments on the terminal web?
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catenin, binculin, alpha-actinin
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another name for Macula Adherins?
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desmosome
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fxn of desmosome
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localized spot-like adhesion on lateral side of plasma membrane
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desmoplakins and pakoglobins found where? fxn?
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(desmosomes) on cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane; anchor intermediate filaments of cytokeratin (tonofilament)
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what is the dense vertical line in the intercellular space?
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desmocollins and desmogleins
-Ca++ dependent cell adhesion molecues |
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which epithelia are desmosomes found in?
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simple epithelium and stratified squamos epithelium
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intercellular space of desmosomes
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very wide ~30nm
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what is pemphigus vulgaris
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skin disease caused by autoantibodies produced against desmosomes
-result in blistering of skin |
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location of gap jxns
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epithelia
cardiac muscle smooth muscle neurons |
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connexins
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6 transmembrane proteins that make up gap jxns
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what does it mean for gap jxns to be regulated?
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-they do not remain open
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what does a decrease in cytosolic pH (increase in cytosolic Ca++ concentration) do to gap jxns?
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closes them
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adjacent plasma membranes in gap jxns are how many nm apart?
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~2nm
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which domain are zonula occludens, adherens, and gap jxns found?
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lateral domain
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what anchors actin filaments of the cytoskeleton to the basement membrane?
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focal adhesions
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what anchors intermediate filaments of the sytoskeleton to the basement membrane?
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hemidesmosomes
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2 types of glandular epithelium
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1. endocrine glands
2. exocrine glands |
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where do endocrine glands secrete?
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capillaries or blood vessels
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where do exocrine glands secrete?
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ducts
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unicellular gland
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goblet cell
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multicellular gland
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pancreas or salivary glands
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holocrine secretion
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-EXOCRINE gland
-dead cells released as sebum -sebaceous glands and hair follicles |
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apocrine secretion
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-EXOCRINE GLAND
-some of cytoplasm is released with lipid droplet -armpits and mammary glands |
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merocrine secretion
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-EXOCRINE gland
-normal exocytosis |
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3 types of exocrine glands
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1. merocrine
2. apocrine 3. holocrine |
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1 gland that releases things that do NOT need to go into a blood capillary system
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paracrine glands
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where are endocrine and exocrine glands derived from? examples?
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-epithelial cells that grow down to connective tissue
-get disconnected and get vascularized -ie" pituitary gland & thyroid |
