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24 Cards in this Set

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(Latin, literally meaning “from what is before.”) knowledge of a proposition that is not refutable by
experience; a proposition that is justified without observation or empirical testing. Example: Knowing that
2+2=4.
A priori knowledge
(Latin, literally meaning “from what is after.”) knowledge of a proposition that is refutable by experience;
a proposition known on the basis of experience; also: empirical knowledge. For example: Knowing that
there are four apples on the table.
A posteriori knowledge
Statements that are true or false on the basis of meanings or definitions and logic alone. Example:
Triangles are closed, 3-sided figures.
Analytic Statements
Latin, meaning “I think, therefore I am.” The first belief that, according to Descartes, survives his Method
of Doubt. Do not confuse this statement with: “I am, therefore I think.” This statement does NOT entail
that something exists only if it thinks.
Cogito ergo sum
David Hume’s theory that all our simple ideas are copies of simple sense impressions.
Copy Theory of Ideas
Descartes’ argument that relies on the premise that he does not know with absolute certainty how to
distinguish dreams from being awake to establish the conclusion that knowledge claims based on sense
experience are dubitable, even in the case of the most familiar and the clearest sense perceptions.
Dream Argument
A belief or statement is dubious or doubtful just in case it in fact it is doubted.
Dubious or Doubtful
A belief or statement is dubitable just in case it can be doubted. Compare to dubious or doubtful. That a
statement is dubitable does NOT mean that it is dubious.
Dubitable
The view that all knowledge of matters of fact are known on the basis sense experience and no knowledge
of matters of fact are known by reason alone
Empiricism:
The “epistemological turn” was a shift in modern philosophy that claimed that first people must understand
the nature of knowledge and justification before they can be justified in their claims to know something.
The turn away from metaphysics to epistemology.
Epistemological Turn
Descartes’ statement that it is possible that there is an evil demon that deceives people wherever deception
is possible.
Evil Demon Hypothesis
A belief or statement is indubitable just in case it cannot be doubted.
Indubitable
Knowledge of matters of fact requires both reason and experience.
*Kant’s Compromise
Searching for beliefs that are certain by first finding the strongest possible reasons for being a radical
skeptic arguments and seeing if any beliefs survive this skepticism. Used by Descartes.
Method of Doubt
Hume's argument that aims to show that claim that inductive inferences are not justified.
Problem of Induction
Stating the conditions under which a person is justified in making the inference from appearance to reality.
That is, stating when a person is justified in concluding something about reality (for example, I see a cat)
on the basis of premises about appearances (for instance, I seem to see a cat.)
Problem of Knowledge
No human claims to knowledge are justified.
Radical skepticism
The view that reason alone, without the senses, is a source of knowledge about matters of fact.
Rationalism
Using cross-examination, making logical connections, and drawing conclusions to show that some beliefs
or assumptions need to be critically examined
Socratic Method
What enzyme metabolizes ropinirole? What other drugs does it metabolize?
1) CYP1A2
2) caffeine and warfarin
dopamine agonist
Latin, literal meaning: “blank slate.” John Locke’s metaphor for the mind before it has any experience.
Tabula Rasa
True propositions that are contingent and are known by means of sense experience.
Truths of Experience
Used ambiguously. A) synonymous with truths of experience or empirical truths. B) synthetic
propositions that are true
Truths of fact:
True propositions that are necessary and are known by reason alone, simply relying on definitions and the
principles of logic.
Truths of Reason