Epidemiology Unit 1

Front 1

define "communicable period"

Back 1

time interval during which agent may be transferred directly or indirectly

Front 2

define" carrier"

Back 2

a person or animal that harbors agent, but does not demonstrate signs of diease

Front 3

define "contact"

Back 3

exposure to a source of an infection

Front 4

define "disease"

Back 4

abnormal state of body; not capable of carrying on its normal function

Front 5

define "acute disease"

Back 5

symptoms develop rapidly but last for short time

Front 6

define "chronic disease"

Back 6

symptoms develops slowly and is likely to continu or recur for long time

Front 7

define "endemic"

Back 7

constant presence of agent or health condition within a given geographic area or population

Front 8

define "epidemiology"

Back 8

the study of distribution and determinants of health conditions among population

Front 9

the application of this study is to control health problems

Back 9

epidemiology

Front 10

define "etiology"

Back 10

study of factors that cause disease and the methods of their introduction

Front 11

define "host"

Back 11

person or organisms that is susceptiable to or harbors an infectious agent under natural conditions

Front 12

define "immunity"

Back 12

possession of antibodies having a specific action on the microorganisms concerned with particular infectious disease

Front 13

what type of immunity is attained by maternal transfer, or by inoculation of specific protective antibodies and is brief duration

Back 13

passive immunity

Front 14

what type of immunity is attained by infection with or without clinical manifestation or inoculation with fractions of killed infectious agent. last for months to years

Back 14

active immunity

Front 15

define "infection"

Back 15

invasion or colonization of the body by pathogens

Front 16

what are three types of infection

Back 16

subclinical
local
general

Front 17

which type of infection that does not cause noticeable illness

Back 17

subclinical

Front 18

which type of infections are limited to small area of the body

Back 18

local

Front 19

which type of infections affects the many parts or all of the body

Back 19

general

Front 20

define "incubation period"

Back 20

time interval between initial exposure to the develop of first clinical symptoms

Front 21

define "pandemic"

Back 21

epidemic on a worldwide scale

Front 22

define "pathogenicity"

Back 22

capability of an infectious agent causing disease in a host

Front 23

define "reservoir"

Back 23

a place where infectious agent lives and reproduces itself

Front 24

define "resistance to disease"

Back 24

sum total of body mechanisms which interpose barriers to the progression of invasion

Front 25

define "susceptibility"

Back 25

vulunerability or lack of resistance

Front 26

define "virulence"

Back 26

degree of pathogencity, indicated by case fatality rate or its ability to invade/damage tissues of the host

Front 27

define "zoonosis"

Back 27

transfer of infectious disease from vertebrate animals to man under natural conditions

Front 28

what are the four purposes of epidemiological studies

Back 28

determine etiology of disease & its frequency in population
evaluate consistency of epidemiology data w/etiological hypothesis
develop/evaluating preventive practice & public health practice
improve understanding of health and disease

Front 29

what are the three epidemiological investigational types

Back 29

cohort (prospective)
case control (retrospective)
experimental (intervention)

Front 30

what type of epidemiological investigation compares study groups who are selected on the basis of whether or not they have a particular disease under study

Back 30

case study

Front 31

control group should represents the population that the disease comes from, could be:

Back 31

neihbors of cases
patients from same hospital who do not have the disease
friends of cases

Front 32

what type of epidemiological investigation is used to evaluate an outbreak for a well defined group (gastroenteritis on a small ship)

Back 32

cohort studies

Front 33

what type of epidemiological investigation is when individuals enrolled on basis of exposure status but researchers allocate treatment at random

Back 33

experimental studies

Front 34

what type of epidemiological investigation is to test the hypothesis about suspected risk factors or presumed causes of disease, measure by relative risk

Back 34

cohort
a/H1 divide c/H2

Front 35

what are the four classification of experimental investigations

Back 35

therapeutic (prevention)
therapeutic (secondary prevention)
preventive (primary prevention)
divided into two groups: exposure and non exposure

Front 36

which classification of experimental investigation conducted to determine the ability of an agent or procedure to diminsh symptoms, prevent recurence and decrease risk of death

Back 36

therapeutic (secondary prevention)

Front 37

which classification of experimental investigation conducted to evaluate whether an agent or proceudre reduces the risk of dveloping disease among those free from that condition at enrollment

Back 37

preventive (primary prevention)

Front 38

what are the five portal of exit

Back 38

respiratory tract
alimentary canal (GI tract)
genital tract
open lesions
mechanical escape (liberation of agent by ternal source such as syringe)

Front 39

what are the five types of organisms that cause disease

Back 39

virus, bacteria, fungus, helminth, protozoa

Front 40

define "mode of transmission"

Back 40

method by which the susceptible host is exposed to an infectious agent

Front 41

which type of transmission is transfer of an agent from reservoir to host by dirct contact or droplet spread greater than or equal to 5 microns

Back 41

direct transmission

Front 42

what type of transmission is transfer of an agent from a reservoir to a host by susptended parrticles or by vectors

Back 42

indirect transmission

Front 43

what are three types of indirect transmission

Back 43

airborne (dust, droplet nuclei)
vector (mechanical & biological: agent undergoes phiological changes within the vector)
vehicle (food, water, blood, fomites)

Front 44

what are the six vital links in the chain of infection

Back 44

agent, reservoir, exit, transmission, entry, host

Front 45

susceptibility of host depends on what three factors

Back 45

genetic, specific acquired immunity, predisposing factors

Front 46

what are the two ways of enhance host resistance

Back 46

immunizations
nutrition

Front 47

heat, cold, radiation, chlorination, disinfection are what type of prevention and control methods

Back 47

inactivate the infectious agent

Front 48

what are the three personal measures of prevention and control methods

Back 48

personal hygiene
protective coverings
avoid situatiosn where transmission can occur

Front 49

what are the five first line body defenses from any pathogens

Back 49

skin, tears, cilia, salvia, gastric fluid

Front 50

what are the four second line body defenses from any pathogens

Back 50

phagocytosis, inflammation, fever, interferons

Front 51

what is ingestion of a microorganism or any particulate matter by a cell

Back 51

phagocytosis

Front 52

what is the antiviral proteins that prevent viral replication

Back 52

interferons

Front 53

what are the two functions of inflammation

Back 53

destroy and remove the injurious agent and its byproduct from the body

repair or replace tissue damaged by injurious agent or its by products

Front 54

what is the third line of body defense against pathogens

Back 54

specific immunity

Front 55

what are the three types of acquired immunity

Back 55

active, passive, artificially acquired

Front 56

what type of acquired immunity is results from vaccination of specially prepared antigens

Back 56

artificialy acquired

Front 57

what type of acquired immunity is when immune system responds to infection

Back 57

active

Front 58

what type of immunity lasts only as long as the antibodies are present

Back 58

passive

Front 59

what type of immunity is when antibodies are transfereed from one person to another

Back 59

passive

Front 60

define "antigen"

Back 60

substance that causes antibody to form and reacts when introduced into the body

Front 61

define "antibody"

Back 61

a protein produced by body in response to an antigens, leading to its destruction or inactivation

Front 62

abtibody is AKA what

Back 62

immunoglobulins (Igs)

Front 63

what are the five types of Igs
(GMADE)

Back 63

IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE

Front 64

which Igs is most abundant in the body
(associate "A" with "abundant)

Back 64

IgA

Front 65

which Igs is first appear in response to initial exposure to an antigen

Back 65

IgM

Front 66

which Igs makes up only .02% of antibodies in serum

Back 66

IgD

Front 67

which Igs enhances phagocytosis

Back 67

IgG

Front 68

which Igs promotes chemical responses against antigens

Back 68

IgE

Front 69

what are the six stages of diease development

Back 69

microorganism overcome the defenses of the host
incubation
prodromal
illness
decline
convalenscence

Front 70

what is incubation period

Back 70

time interval between the initial infection and the first appearance of signs/symptoms

Front 71

what are the four factors determines the incubation period

Back 71

specific microorganisms
virulens
# of infecting microorganisms
resistance of the host

Front 72

which stage of disease development where infection may spread

Back 72

incubation

Front 73

which stage of disease development where disease is most acute, white blood cell increase or decrease, person die or recoevery

Back 73

period of illness

Front 74

what is the characteristic of period of decline in disease development

Back 74

signs/symptoms subside

Front 75

which stage of disease development where recovery has occured

Back 75

period of convalescence

Front 76

what are the three elements of disease prevention

Back 76

primary prevention
secondary prevention
tertiary prevention

Front 77

which elements of disease of aimed at early detection and treatment of disease

Back 77

secondary prevention

Front 78

which disease prevention element is designed to reduce the limitation of disability from disease

Back 78

tertiary prevention

Front 79

which disease prevention is designed to reduce the occurrence of disease

Back 79

primary prevention

Front 80

what are the two prevention categories in the primary prevention elements of disease

Back 80

active and passive

Front 81

which prevention categories of disease prevention element do not required

Back 81

passive prevention categories

Front 82

what are the 4 characteristics of active prevention categories

Back 82

require behavior change
education
vaccination
environmental sanitation

Front 83

what are the 3 characteristics of passive prevention categories

Back 83

no behavior change
nutritional improvement of food
flouridation too water

Front 84

which prevention reduces prevalence of diseasea

Back 84

secondary prevention

Front 85

which type of disease prevention elements minimize side effects of treament

Back 85

tertiary

Front 86

which disease prevention uses rehabilitation to store function

Back 86

tertiary prevention