Epidemiology Test 1

Front 1

What is epidemiology?

Back 1

Study of distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations and application of this study to the control of health problems.

Front 2

Differentiate between epidemic and pandemic

Back 2

An epidemic is centralized to one region whereas a pandemic spreads to larger areas.

Front 3

What are the 3 goals of epidemiology?

Back 3

1. Describe distribution of disease
2. Identify risk factors
3. Prevent the disease

Front 4

Who was the first person in Epidemiological history and what study did they conduct?

Back 4

John Snow- London Cholera Epidemic of 1854

Front 5

What is the legacy of John Snow?

Back 5

cleaning up the water supply
"germ theory"
population medicine
preventative medicine (vaccinations)

Front 6

Differences between diseases in 1900 and 2009

Back 6

In 1900: most deaths due to bacteria and something people caught
In 2009: diseases more complex and chronic, cannot be acquired and take time to develop

Front 7

define: behavioural Epidemiology

Back 7

observation and study of behaviours that lead to health related states and distribution of behaviours (how people's behaviours create disease)

Front 8

3 Goals of Physical Activity Epidemiology:

Back 8

1. Examine relationship between physical activity and morbidity and mortality
2.Identify patterns and determinants of Physical Activity
2. Use evidence to determine; how physical activity can be changed, extent to which physical activity is a risk factor and the impact of changes in physical activity

Front 9

Total costs attributed to inactivity?

Back 9

$5.3 billion

Front 10

Origins of link between health and physical activity:

Back 10

1. Ancient Indian (9th century BC): exercise and massage to help rheumatism
2. Greek physician Herodicus (480 BC): therapeutic gymnastics, influenced Hippocrates and Aristotle (books went to rest of world)
3. Italy (14th century): gym class
4. North America (1700's): few physicians supported until after civil war, links between physical activity and chronic diseases found, preventative medicine, ACSM

Front 11

Describe the London Bus Study

Back 11

Jeremy Morris:
examine link between occupational physical activity and health
drivers vs. conductors
almost double amount of drivers have myocardial infection for every age category

Front 12

Describe the Framingham Heart Study

Back 12

(1949-present)
people were starting to die from heart disease
examine link between lifestyle and health prospectively
follow people over time to find out who develops what
study still running
drop out rates 1%

Front 13

What were the main findings of the Framingham Heart Study?

Back 13

main causes of heart disease found to be controllable risk factors

Front 14

Describe the Longshoreman Study

Back 14

Prospective Cohort Study
deck hands vs. supervisors
8500 kcal/week at work = reduced risk of death due to coronary heart disease by 50%

Front 15

Describe the Harvard Alumni Health Study

Back 15

Harvard Graduates
53% decrease in all cause mortality with 3 hours of sport per week vs. 1 hour per week
walking decreased all cause mortality
active men lived 2 years longer

Front 16

Recommendations for physical activity in adults

Back 16

>150 min. of moderate activity per week of > 75 min. vigorous activity per week
minimum 10 min. bouts
can increased amount of time over time
resistance exercise 2 days per week
(in states flexibility included 2 days per week)

Front 17

Why do we need sedentary guidelines

Back 17

People can pass all the activity level guidelines, but do nothing besides that

Front 18

What percentage of adults and children in Canada are meeting the physical activity guidelines

Back 18

15% of adults
7% of children
men are typically higher than women

Front 19

Define: risk factor

Back 19

increases probability to contract a disease

Front 20

Define: incidence and how to calculate

Back 20

new cases of health-related states that occur in a population during a specific time period
Calculations: number of new cases in population divided by number of people in population

Front 21

Define: prevalence and how to calculate

Back 21

number of existing cases in a population at a specific point in time
Calculations: number of cases present in population divided by number of people in population

Front 22

What are the 3 categories for rates?

Back 22

crude: rates based on total population without considering population characteristics
specific: rates are computed separately for different sub-populations
standardized: rates adjusted by factoring in effects for some known population characteristics

Front 23

What are the two different kinds of research?

Back 23

Applied research: specific answer to a specific problem
- limited control over setting
-observing environment, collecting date, making conclusion
Basic Research: deeper understanding of general principles that are applicable to several problems
- indirect answers to general questions
-carefully controlled conditions
-can make prediction for other scenarios

Front 24

Describe the Scientific Method:

Back 24

-well define problem/ question (isolating variables)
- hypothesis driven (predictions must be testable)
- data dependent
- given to interpretation

Front 25

What are the 6 sections of Research Writing?

Back 25

1. Abstract
2. Introduction: present research problem and how it is going to be solved
3. Methods: how was data collected and analyzed
4. Results Section
5. Discussion: what was learned, what remains to be learned, shortcomings of what was done, recommendations
6. References

Front 26

What are the 2 general types of designs?

Back 26

1. Observational Design: examines association between the independent and dependent variables as they naturally occur
2. Experimental Design: manipulate independent variable and looking at effects on dependent variable

Front 27

What are the 3 types of Observational designs?

Back 27

1. Cross section: looking at variable at a snap-shot in time
2. Prospective Cohort Study: following subjects over time
3. Case-control Study: comparing people with and without the disease and comparing their lifestyle and risk factors

Front 28

What are the benefits and disadvantages of the randomized control trial?

Back 28

Advantage: can establish cause and effect
Disadvantage: very expensive, ethical concerns, people dropout, hard to examine rare outcomes

Front 29

How do you calculate relative risk?

Back 29

Incidence rate with the risk divided by incidence rate without the risk

Front 30

What are the 5 Mills Cannons?

Back 30

1. Temporal Sequence
2. Strength of Association
3. Consistency
4. Dose-response relationship
5. Biological plausibility

Front 31

Define: physical activity, exercise and physical fitness

Back 31

physical activity: any body movement produced by skeletal muscle that results in energy expenditure
exercise: any form of physical activity undertaken with a specific objective to improve fitness, health or physical performance
physical fitness: physical attributes relating to one's morphological, muscular motor, cardiorespiratory and metabolic capabilities

Front 32

What 3 things should you consider when choosing a physical activity measure for study?

Back 32

1. validity (measuring what you want to measure)
2. reliability ( consistency of results)
3. feasibility (practical)

Front 33

What are the 3 Physical Activity measures used in studies?

Back 33

1. Subjective- self report
2. Objective- collecting date they can't control
3. Criterion- can directly measure energy expenditure

Front 34

What are the subjective methods used for measuring physical activity?

Back 34

1. Written/ Interview Questions: personal, telephone, mail
- do not consider duration or time
2. activity diaries/ logs: can easily measure in a large population, very biased, not always easy for entire population

Front 35

What are the objective methods used for measuring physical activity?

Back 35

1. Heart Rate Monitors: general idea of energy expenditure
2. Pedometers: number of steps taken
3. Motion Sensors: measure every directions and intensity

Front 36

What are the criterion methods used for measuring physical activity?

Back 36

1. Direct observation: trained observers watch and record activities
2. Doubly Labelled water: gold standard
3. Calorimetry: direct (heat) and indirect (breath samples)