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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the definition of a sign?
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Any abnormality indicative of disease, discoverable upon examination of the patient
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What is the definition of a symptom?
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Any morbid phenomenon or departure from the normal in structure, function or sensation, *experienced by the patient and indicative of disease
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Clinical data means nothing until interpreted in the context of ______.
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Expected values for the population
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What 2 basic properties of distributions can be used to summarize data?
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1) Central tendency
2) Dispersion |
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What are the 3 measures of central tendency?
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Mean, median, mode
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What is the definition of mean? Advantages? Disadvantages?
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Definition: Sum of values for observations /number of observations
Advantages: well suited for mathematical manipulation Disadvantages: Easily influenced by extreme values |
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What is the definition of median?
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The point where the number of observations above equals the number of observations below
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What is the advantage and disadvantage of the median?
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Advantage: not easily influenced by extreme values
Disadvantage: Not well suited for mathematical manipulation |
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What is the definition of the mode?
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Most frequently occurring value
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What is the advantage and disadvantage of the mode?
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Advantage: simplicity of meaning; the only way to describe the center of categorical data
Disadvantage: Sometimes there are no or many "most frequent" values |
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What goes on the X axis when graphing data? Y axis?
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X=What you're measuring
Y=How many patients had what you are measuring |
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What does the measure of dispersion tell you?
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How wide the distribution is
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What is the definition of standard deviation?
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The absolute value of the average difference of individual values from the mean
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What is the advantage and disadvantage of the standard deviation?
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Advantage: well suited for mathematical manipulation
Disadvantage: For Non-Gaussian (non-normal) distributions, does not describe a known portion of the observations |
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What is the definition of the range?
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From lowest to highest value in a distribution
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What is the advantage and disadvantage of the range?
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Advantage: includes all values
Disadvantages: Greatly affected by extreme values |
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What is the definition of percentile, decile, quartile, etc.?
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The proportion of all observations falling b/w specified values
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What is the advantage and disadvantage of using percentile?
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Advantage: describes the known proportion of observations w/o assumptions about the shape of the distribution
Disadvantage: Not well suited for statistical manipulation |
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What is the definition of validity (accuracy)?
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The ability of the test to distinguish b/w which individuals have a disease and which do not
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What is the definition of sensitivity?
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Ability to identify correctly those that DO have the disease
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What is the definition of specificity?
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Ability to identify correctly those that DO NOT have the disease
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What is the equation for sensitivity?
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Sensitivity= TP/ (TP + FN)
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What is the equation for specificity?
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Specificity= TN/ (TN + FP)
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What is the trade off of a low cut-off value for test variables?
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Low-cut off value---> low specificity
-A lot of false positives |
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What is the trade-of of a high cut-off value?
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Low sensitivity
-A lot of diabetics test negative |
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The validity of screening tests depends on their ______ and _______.
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Specificity and sensitivity
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When a test is based on a single continuous variable, there is a direct trade-off b/w _____ and _____.
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Sensitivity and specificity
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