Epidemiology Exam Ii

Front 1

What is the ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice, closely integrated with the timely dissemination of these data to those who need to know?

Back 1

Surveillance

Front 2

What are the three key points for passive surveillance?

Back 2

Providers are responsible for reporting.
Health department waits to receive reports.
Problem with underreporting.

Front 3

What are the three key points for active surveillance?

Back 3

Providers contacted on regular basis to collect information.
More resource intensive.
Used for outbreaks or pilots.

Front 4

Which type of surveillance is used for outbreaks or pilots?

Back 4

Active

Front 5

The slopes of cohort studies represent what?

Back 5

Changes in rates with age during the life experience of each cohort

Front 6

A ______ is the degree to which variables change together.

Back 6

Correlation

Front 7

A _____ _____ is a measure of association that indicates the degree to which two variables have a linear relationship.

Back 7

Correlation coefficient

Front 8

"r=+1" represents what in regards to correlation coefficients?

Back 8

Perfect positive linear relationship, in which one variable varies directly with the other

Front 9

"r=-1" means what in relation to correlation coefficients?

Back 9

Perfect negative linear relationship between the variables

Front 10

Personal (face-to-face) interviewing, telephone interviewing, self-administered questionnaires, and internet surveys are all common data collection methods for what type of study?

Back 10

Cross-sectional

Front 11

A study designed to examine associations, commonly putative or hypothesized causal relationships is called what?

Back 11

An analytic study

Front 12

Controls in case-control studies should be representative of the ______ population, but do not need to be representative of the _______ population.

Back 12

Referent, source (total)

Front 13

A method of selecting controls in a case-control study in which cases are sampled only from incident cases over a specified time period and controls are sampled and interviewed throughout that period is called what?

Back 13

Density sampling

Front 14

Which type of sampling can reduce bias in a case-control study that is due to changing patterns in the source population?

Back 14

Density sampling

Front 15

What is the variation of the case-control design in which the controls are drawn from the same study base as the cases, regardless of their disease status called?

Back 15

Case-based case-control study

Front 16

Which case study design provides the denominator for estimation of the risk ratio because the exposure odds in the study base can be estimated?

Back 16

Case-based case-control study

Front 17

Which study design is a variant of the case-control study in which the controls are drawn from the same cohort as the cases but are identified before the cases develop? Some of them may later become cases.

Back 17

Baseline cohort study (case-cohort study)

Front 18

The odds ratio in a case-based case-control and case-cohort study estimates the __________ ________ ratio, with no rarity assumption.

Back 18

Cumulative incidence

Front 19

Person-time incidence rates for persons in the group briefly exposed are compared with sample rates in the base population-time in which type of cohort study?

Back 19

Case-crossover study

Front 20

In what type of epidemic do cases develop within one incubation period?

Back 20

Common source epidemic (morse specifically, point-source epidemic)

Front 21

What type of epidemic is represented by an epidemic curve pattern that shows tight temporal clustering with sharp (explosive) up slope and gentle down slope?

Back 21

Common source epidemic

Front 22

In _______ epidemics, the infectious agent is transferred from one host to another.

Back 22

Propagative

Front 23

What type of epidemic is represented by an epidemic curve pattern that has a gentle up slope and a somewhat steeper tail, often with secondary cases appearing later in time?

Back 23

Propagative epidemic

Front 24

During an outbreak investigation, what three things can you generate a hypothesis about?

Back 24

Pathogen, route of transmission, and the vector

Front 25

What is the name for a percentage of new cases arising in a specific population over a short time interval?

Back 25

Attack rate

Front 26

The ratio of attack rates between exposed and not exposed persons during an outbreak is called what?

Back 26

Relative risk

Front 27

What is the name for the measure of the association between expose and disease?

Back 27

Relative risk

Front 28

What are the four common circumstances for the cessation of an epidemic?

Back 28

Pathogen eliminated or modified.
Mode of transmission interrupted or eliminated.
Number of exposed and susceptible persons markedly reduced or exhausted.
Cofactor or some other important risk factor modified or eliminated

Front 29

What is the term for the statistical dependence between two or more events, characteristics or other variables?

Back 29

Association

Front 30

An _________ is present if the occurrence of an event or chracteristic is, or the quantity of a variable, depends upon the occurrence of one or more other events, the presence of one or more other characteristics, or the quantity of one or more other variables.

Back 30

Association

Front 31

What is the term for the proximity and/or contact with a source of a disease agent in such a manner that effective transmission of the agent or harmful effects of the agent may occur?

Back 31

Exposure

Front 32

_____ are all identified changes in health status arising as a consequence of the handling of health problem.

Back 32

Outcomes

Front 33

An associate between two variables is _______ when higher values of a variable are associated with higher values of another variable.

Back 33

Positive

Front 34

An associate between two variables is ______ when the occurrence of higher values of one variable is associated with lower values of the other variable.

Back 34

Negative

Front 35

A positive association between two variables is called a ______ factor.

Back 35

Risk

Front 36

A negative association between two variables is called a ______ factor.

Back 36

Protective

Front 37

Modifiable exposure is one that can be _______, such as smoking, weight, or BMI.

Back 37

Changed

Front 38

Non-modifiable exposure is something that can't be _______, such as age, gender, or race.

Back 38

changed

Front 39

Another name for the probability that an event will occur is _____.

Back 39

Risk

Front 40

The ratio of probability of occurrence of an event to that of nonoccurrence is called what?

Back 40

Odds

Front 41

Which is a ratio, risk or odds?

Back 41

Odds

Front 42

Which is a proportion, risk or odds?

Back 42

Risk

Front 43

The ratio of the risk of disease or death among the exposed to the risk among the unexposed is called what?

Back 43

Cumulative incidence ratio

Front 44

The ratio of the incidence rate in the exposed to the incidence rate in the unexposed is called what?

Back 44

Incidence density ratio

Front 45

Which ratio addresses the question: ‘by how many times does the risk in exposed persons exceed that for unexposed persons’?

Back 45

Cumulative incidence ratio

Front 46

Cumulative incidence ratio can only be estimated by a ______ study.

A. Case-control
B. Cohort
C. Cross-over
D. Ecological

Back 46

Cohort

Front 47

If CIR = 1 Risk in exposed is _____ the risk in non-exposed.
(greater than, less than, or equal to)

Back 47

Equal to

Front 48

If CIR > 1 Risk in exposed is _______ the risk in non-exposed (possible risk factor).
(Greater than, less than, or equal to)

Back 48

Greater than

Front 49

If CIR < 1 Risk in exposed is _______ the risk in non-exposed (possible protective factor).
(Greater than, less than, or equal to)

Back 49

Less than

Front 50

The ________ ratio is often used in cross-sectional studies.

Back 50

Prevalence

Front 51

The prevalence ratio is calculated when the outcome occurs over a (long, short) period of time.

Back 51

short

Front 52

_____ _____ ratio address the question ‘ how many times does the rate of disease in exposed persons exceed that in unexposed persons.

Back 52

Incidence density

Front 53

Incidence density ratio can be directly estimated in a ______ study.

Back 53

Cohort

Front 54

The _______ ratio addresses the question ‘how many times greater is the odds of Y for X+ persons than for X- persons?’.

Back 54

Odds

Front 55

Disease odds ratio is estimated from what two studies?

Back 55

Cohort and cross-sectional

Front 56

Exposure odds ratio is estimated from what two studies?

Back 56

Case-Control and cross-sectional

Front 57

For a cohort or cross-sectional study, it is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed.

Back 57

Disease odds ratio

Front 58

The ratio of the odds in favor of getting disease, if exposed, to the odds in favor of getting the disease if not exposed is called what?

Back 58

Risk odds ratio

Front 59

The odds ratio derived from a _____ study is an estimate of the risk odds ratio.

Back 59

Cohort

Front 60

What refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally, as, for example, an odds ratio derived from studies of prevalent (rather than incident) cases?

Back 60

Prevalence odds ratio

Front 61

Relative risk ratio is also called what?

Back 61

Cumulative incidence ratio

Front 62

The _____ _____ is the rate (proportion) of a disease or other outcome in exposed individuals that can be attributed to the exposure.

Back 62

Attributable risk

Front 63

With a given outcome, exposure factor and population, the ____ ____ ____ among the exposed is the proportion by which the incidence rate of the outcome among those exposed would be reduced if the exposure were eliminated.

Back 63

Attributable risk proportion

Front 64

The _____ ______ ______ is a measure of the amount of disease that is associated with exposure to a putative cause of the disease in the population.

Back 64

Population attributable risk

Front 65

The ______ ______ ______ is the difference between the rates of disease in the entire population and among the non-exposed.

Back 65

Population attributable risk

Front 66

_____ is the relating of causes to the effects they produce.

Back 66

Causality

Front 67

Is epidemiology evidence by itself sufficient to establish causality?

Back 67

No

Front 68

"An event, condition or characteristic that preceded the disease event and without which the disease event would not have occurred at all or would not have occurred until some time later" is the definition of what?

Back 68

Cause

Front 69

What are the three attributes of cause?

Back 69

Association, time order, direction

Front 70

In ____ ______ _______, the factor exerts its effect in the absence of intermediary factors. (in regards to causality)

Back 70

Direct causal associations

Front 71

In _____ _____ _____, the factor exerts its effect via intermediary factors. (in regards to causality)

Back 71

Indirect causal association

Front 72

Y. Pestis leads to the plague without intermediary factors. This is an example of what kind of association?

Back 72

Direct casual associations

Front 73

Sunlight leads to cancer through an intermediary factor of benzopyrene. This is an example of what type of association?

Back 73

Indirect casual association

Front 74

With ____ _____, the relationship between two variables is statistically significant, but no causal relationship exists.

Back 74

Non-causal association

Front 75

Smoking and coffee both have shown to cause cancer, though there is no association between coffee and smoking. What type of association is this?

Back 75

Non-causal association

Front 76

What two reasons contribute to the fact that in non-casual associations are significantly different, but no relationship exists?

Back 76

1. The temporal relationship is incorrect.
2. Another factor is responsible for both the presumed cause and the presumed effect (Bias, Confounding).

Front 77

Rabies virus is a necessary and sufficient cause of rabies infection. This is an example of _________ causality.

Back 77

Deterministic

Front 78

In ________ causality, many expect a cause to be very closely related to an effect.

Back 78

Deterministic

Front 79

What is the causality for when a risk factor may lead to disease, but may not (insufficient) or the disease does not require the risk factor to occur (unnecessary)?

Back 79

Probabilistic causality

Front 80

A cause is termed “________” when it must always precede an effect. This effect need not be the sole result of the one cause.

Back 80

Necessary

Front 81

A cause is termed “_______” when it inevitably initiates or produces an effect.

Back 81

Sufficient

Front 82

The identity of the constituent components of the cause is the ______ of causation whereas the strength of a cause is a relative phenomenon that depends on the time and place and specific distribution of component causes in the population.

Back 82

Biology

Front 83

The identity of the constituent components of the cause is the biology of causation whereas the _____ of a cause is a relative phenomenon that depends on the time and place and specific distribution of component causes in the population.

Back 83

Strength

Front 84

The a period of time between the action of a component cause and completion of a sufficient cause is called what?

Back 84

Induction time

Front 85

Factors that prepare, sensitize, condition, or otherwise create a situation such as a level of immunity or a state of susceptibility so that the host tends to react in a specific fashion to a disease agent, personal interaction, environmental stimulus, or specific incentive are called what?

Back 85

Predisposing factors

Front 86

Are predisposing factors necessary, sufficient, both or neither to cause disease?

Back 86

Necessary, but rarely sufficient

Front 87

Factors that facilitate the manifestation of disease, disability, ill-health, or the use of services or conversely those that facilitate recovery from illness are called what?

Back 87

Enabling factors

Front 88

Are enabling factors necessary, sufficient, both or neither to cause disease?

Back 88

Necessary, but rarely sufficient

Front 89

In scientific writing, the abstract briefly discusses what three things?

Back 89

Purpose of research
Principal results
Major conclusions

Front 90

What are the two key factors in the introduction of epidemiological literature?

Back 90

Concisely review rationale for study
State hypothesis or hypotheses

Front 91

What three things should you avoid in the tables of epidemiological literature?

Back 91

Redundancy
Shifting denominators
Presenting data that can easily be reported in text

Front 92

Authorship credit for epidemiological literature should be based on contributions that meet all of what three conditions?

Back 92

Conception and design or data analysis and interpretation.
Drafting of article or revising it critically for intellectual content.
Final approval of published version.