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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Calculation for mortality rates is:
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number of deaths (numerator) divided by the total population of the area (denominator).
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Calculation for case-fatality rate (CFR) is:
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number of deaths for a specific disease during a specified period of time multiplied by 100, then divided by the number of diagnosed cases of the disease in the same time period
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CFR stands for?
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Case-Fatality Rate
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What type of disease should not be used with CFR?
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Chronic diseases
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CFR refers to what?
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The proportion (percent) of people with a specific disease who will die of that disease within a defined period of time after diagnosis
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Calculation for proprotionate mortality:
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number of deaths from a specific cause during a specified time period multiplied by 100, then divided by the number of total deaths in that time period
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______ measures risk, while _______ does not.
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Mortality rate; Proportionate Mortality
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What is PMR?
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Proportionate Mortality Rate or Ratio
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Proportionate Mortality rate never represents what?
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RISK
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YPLL stands for?
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Years of Potential Life Lost
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What does YPLL do in epidemiology?
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Gives an idea of the impact causes of death have on early deaths or premature mortality/Gives idea of which diseases cause more premature death
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How many steps are there in determining YPLL?
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Two
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What are the two steps in determining YPLL?
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1. For each cause of death, a person's age at death is subtracted from a predetermined age.
2. The YPLL are added up for the cause of death in the population being studied |
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What is the normal predetermined age used in the US for YPLL calculations?
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65
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YPLL rate is used for what?
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To compensate for different population sizes in comparing different populations
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What are some problems with mortality data?
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Death certificates only provide underlying cause, not contributing factors. Quality of death certificate data varies, disease accuracy may not be reported in all data.
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What are three types of rates when working with mortality data?
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1. Crude rates
2. Specific rates 3. Adjusted rates |
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What are Crude rates?
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Calculated for the entire population of interest and do not take into account differences that might be present in subgroups
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What are Specific rates?
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Calculated for specific subgroups for a population
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What are Adjusted rates?
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Used to remove subgroup differences between groups that are being compared for some health event.
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What two types of rates can be used for fixing the misleading information when comparing two different groups?
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Specific rates or Adjusted rates
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What is the most common confounder which adjustment is done?
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Age
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What is used to remove the differences due to confounders?
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Adjusted rates
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Two approaches for adjusted rates:
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Directly adjusted rates
Indirectly adjusted rates |
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What is the most common method used for calculating adjusted rates?
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Directly adjusted
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When are indirectly adjusted rates most often used?
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When it is not possible to calculate directly adjusted rates
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Adjusted rates are only calculated for the purpose of what?
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Comparisons and are considered "hypothetical rates"
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What type of population is always used in the calculation of directly adjusted rates?
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Standard population
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What is the standard population?
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The actual population of one of the groups being compared.
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What does it mean to stratify the data?
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To divide it into levels or intervals
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What is known when directly adjusted rates are compared?
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That the difference seen is not due to the confounder being adjusted for
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What is SMR?
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Standardized mortality ratio
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When is SMR used?
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In calculating indirect age adjustment
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Indirect adjustment is often used in what type of epidemiology?
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Occupational
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What is the calculation for SMR?
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O/E
observed events/expected events |
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Explain SMR = 1
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Health related events observed in the study population were the same as expected compared to age-specific rates in the reference/standard population
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Explain SMR > 1
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Health related events observed in the study population were greater than expected compared to age-specific rates in the reference/standard population
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Explain SMR < 1
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Less health related states were observed than expected from the age specific rates in the reference/standard population
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