Epidemiology Chapter 1

Front 1

Who was the first person to introduce the term "epidemiology"?

Back 1

Hippocrates (460-377 BC)

Front 2

What is the Greek translation of epidemiology?

Back 2

epi - upon or among
demos - population
logos - the study of

Front 3

What is meant by "distribution" in epidemiology?

Back 3

person, place, and time of attributes of different diseases in human populations.

Front 4

What is meant by "determinants" in epidemiology?

Back 4

the why or reason that a specific disease occurs.

Front 5

What exactly are determinants?

Back 5

Causes or Risk Factors for a disease

Front 6

Name 6 functions of an epidemiologist

Back 6

-Collect and analyze data
-Investigate outbreaks
-Control and prevent disease
-Identify risk factors and causes for disease
-Design and implement health surveillance methods
-Design and implement research studies

Front 7

Name 5 objectives of epidemiology

Back 7

-Identify the cause and risk factors of a disease
-Determine extent of a disease in a community
-Study natural history and prognosis of a disease
-Evaluate prevention and therapeutic measures
-Provide basis for public policy and regulations for environmental problems

Front 8

What category did the top 3 causes of death in 1900 fall?

Back 8

infectious or communicable

Front 9

What category did the top 3 causes of death in 2000 fall?

Back 9

chronic or non-communicable

Front 10

Why is it important to identify groups at high risk of disease (2 reasons)?

Back 10

-Implement prevention programs
-identify specific factors that make a person at higher risk

Front 11

Risk factors can fall into what 2 categories?

Back 11

-Non-modifiable
-Modifiable

Front 12

What are some non-modifiable factors?

Back 12

Age
Sex
Race

Front 13

What are some modifiable factors?

Back 13

Diet
Smoking
Exercise

Front 14

What are the 3 levels of prevention?

Back 14

1. primary
2. secondary
3. tertiary

Front 15

What is primary prevention?

Back 15

Actions taken to prevent the development of a disease in the first place

Front 16

What is an example of primary prevention?

Back 16

Immunizations

Front 17

What is secondary prevention?

Back 17

Identification of people who have early or mild disease. (disease may not have obvious signs or symptoms)

Front 18

What is an example of secondary prevention?

Back 18

Screenings

Front 19

What is tertiary prevention?

Back 19

Measures that reduce or prevent the disability and complications of a disease that is already established or advanced

Front 20

What is an example of tertiary prevention?

Back 20

Treatment of a disease to prevent or minimize disability.

Front 21

What are the two broad approaches to prevention?

Back 21

-Population-based approach
-High-risk approach

Front 22

What is the population-based approach?

Back 22

Preventative measures are applied to an entire population (stop smoking programs)

Front 23

What is the high-risk approach?

Back 23

Target a high risk group for prevention. (screening those with family history)

Front 24

What is step one of the epidemiologic approach?

Back 24

Determine whether there is actually an association present between some exposure and the development of some disease.

Front 25

What is step two of the epidemiologic approach?

Back 25

Determine whether the association is causal.

Front 26

Epidemiologic "who".

Back 26

Person and their variables: sex, age, race, social class, occupation, marital status

Front 27

Epidemiologic "where"

Back 27

Geographic elements: state, city, international comparisons, natural boundaries, environmental factors, rural vs urban

Front 28

Epidemiologic "when"

Back 28

Usually month or year.

Front 29

Secular trends:

Back 29

Changes that occur over a long period of time, years or decades

Front 30

Cyclic changes:

Back 30

Recurrent cycles in the frequency of disease, often on a yearly or seasonal basis

Front 31

Epidemiologic "what"

Back 31

Case definitions - standard criteria used to define cases. Used so that comparisons can be made and causes determined. Specific clinical criteria - symptoms, signs, and laboratory findings

Front 32

Epidemiologic "why"

Back 32

Analytic epidemiology seeks to determine the risk factors and causes of specific diseases

Front 33

Descriptive epidemiology definition

Back 33

Describes the frequency, distribution, and personal characteristics of disease cases.

Front 34

What does descriptive epidemiology NOT do?

Back 34

Does not attempt to determine the causes of disease

Front 35

Analytic epidemiology definition

Back 35

Determines or measures the association between exposures and outcomes

Front 36

Purpose of analytic epidemiology is to:

Back 36

Do analysis to identify the risk factors and causes for different diseases

Front 37

Descriptive epidemiology looks at:

Back 37

person (who), place (where), time (when)

Front 38

Analytic epidemiology looks at:

Back 38

Risk factors and causes (why) of disease

Front 39

Important people: Hippocrates

Back 39

"first" epidemiologist

Front 40

Important people: John Graunt

Back 40

first to use statistics for understanding disease

Front 41

Important people: Edward Jenner

Back 41

Discovered smallpox vaccine (1970s)

Front 42

Important people: Ignaz Semmelweis

Back 42

Discovered the importance of handwashing in the spread of disease

Front 43

Important people: Louis Pasteur

Back 43

Discovered immunization for rabies and vaccine for anthrax. Co-created "germ theory"

Front 44

Important people: Robert Koch

Back 44

First pictures of microbes, demonstrated that microorganisims do exist and cause disease. Co-created "germ theory"

Front 45

Important people: William Farr

Back 45

Father of modern vital statistics (birth and death records). Idea that some diseases have a multifactorial etiology.

Front 46

Important people: John Snow

Back 46

Used epidemiological methods to determine water was vehicle for cholera.