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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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epidemiology |
study of factors involved in frequency and spread of disease |
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etiology |
cause of disease |
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incidence |
number of new cases |
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prevalence |
total number of people infected at any time |
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morbitity |
number of individuals affected by a disease in relation to the entire population |
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mortality |
number of deaths |
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endemic |
continually present poses low threat |
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pandemic |
spreads worldwide |
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epidemic |
higher than normal incidence in a population poses public health problem
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sporadic |
occurs in random unpredictable manner |
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common source outbreak |
arises from contact with contaminated substance |
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propogated epidemic |
direct contact pathogen more difficult to isolate and eliminate |
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3 types of epidemiological studies |
descriptive, analytical and experimental |
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descriptive epidemiological study |
concerned with physical aspects of existing disease
number of cases, locations, basic victim info, |
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analytical epidemiology |
establishes cause and effect relationship |
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experimental epidemiology |
designs experiment to test hypothesis against present threat |
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factors that are important to the spread of disease |
resovior of infection
portals by which they enter and leave the body
mechanisms of transmission |
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human reservoir |
carriers can pass on agent even without symptoms present |
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Types of infection reservoirs |
human, animal and nonliving |
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animal infection reservoir |
zoonoses can be passed from animals to humans |
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portals of entry |
mucous membranes
eyes, nose, mouth, anus, vagina, inhalation |
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portals of exit |
milk, semen, feces, saliva, body fluids |
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modes of transmission |
direct or indirect contact
waterborne airborne foodborne vehicles
mechanical or biological vectors |
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direct horozontal contact |
hands, kissing, sex |
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direct vertical contact |
parent to offspring |
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fomites |
indirect contact
utensils and inanimate objects |
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herd immunity |
group of individuals who are immune to a particular disease
this helps protect the entire population |
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controlling disease transmission |
isolation quarantine biosafety labs |
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nosocomial infection |
acquired in a hospital |
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pneumonia (transmission signs and pathogenesis) |
transmission: airborne signs: cough, fever, weezing, confusion enters alveoli in lungs and produces an inflamatory response |
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pneumonia (diagnosis, epidemiology and treatment) |
diagnosis: chest xray, CAT scan, blood test
epidemiology: children and elderly during winter throughout world
treatment: antivirals oxygen therapy |
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HIV/AIDS [transmission, signs and pathogenesis] |
transmission: infected blood, semen, fluids,
signs: fever, swollen glands, rash, fatigue, headache,
pathogenesis: hiv becomes aids if cd4 cells<200 |
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HIV/AIDS [diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment] |
diagnosis: blood and saliva
epidemiology: homosexual, african americans
treatment: antivirals *reverse transcriptase inhibitors |
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Meningitis [transmission signs] |
transmission: found as normal flora in 50% of people. Kissing, saliva, mucous,
signs: vomiting, light sensitivity, confusion, fever incubates 3-7 days |
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meningitis [diagnosis, epidemiology treatment] |
diagnosis: blood, spinal tap, lumbar puncture, throat culture
epidemiology: children and old people *in subsaharan arfica
treatment: antibiotics and vaccine |
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rheumatic fever [transmission signs] |
*develops from strep throat transmission: air borne and direct contact
signs: fever, tender joints, nodules under skin, rash fatigue
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rheumatic fever [diagnosis, epidem. and treatment] |
diagnosis: jones criteria and polyarthritis
epidemiology: high outbreaks in impoverished populated areas
treatment: treat strep completely antiinflamatory and antibiotics |
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TB [transmission signs and path] |
transmission: airborne
signs: cough, fever, chest pain, weight loss
patho.: enter through mouth and nose |
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TB [diagnosis, epidem. and treatment] |
diagnosis: TB blood test, TB skin test
epidemiology: 1/3 of population
treatment: 6 months of strict antivirals |
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ebola [transmission, signs, patho] |
transmission: body fluids, blood sweat urine semen
signs: fever>100, vomiting, diarrhea
patho.: enter through mucous membranes |
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ebola [diagnosis and treatment] |
diagnosis: difficult
treatment: no vaccine, PPE, quarantine and sterilize |
