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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Incidence density
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risk of person developing dx during specific time, using total person time as the demoninator.
I= new cases/ total person time |
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Identify the relationships between Prevalence and Indicence and Duration
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P=I x D
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Crude Mortality Rate
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# new deaths in time/ total population during time
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Age- Specific Mortality Rate
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# deaths in age range in time/ population in age range
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Cause Specific Mortality rate
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# deaths of specified case/ total population at the same time period (@ risk of death)
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Proportionate mortality Rate
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# deaths from specific dx/ total # deaths during same time
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case fatality rate
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# who die from dx/ # who have dx
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Infant mortality rate
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# deaths <1y/ # live births in same year
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What measures are used to quantify health disparities?
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1. crude mortality
2. expected life years 3. infant mortality |
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What are the major goals of HP 2010?
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1.increase quality and years of healthy life
2. eliminate disparities 28 focuses |
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Absolute Risk
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What is the incidence (new cases) of dx in the population with or without the risk factor for exposure
AR= Incidence exp AR= Incidence unexp. Incidence= #new cases/ pop at risk |
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Attributable Risk (aka Risk Difference)
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What is the incidence of dx attributed to exposure?
AR= Incidence exp- Incidence unexp |
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Relative Risk or Risk Ratio
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How much more likely are exp. persons to get dx compared to nonexp?
RR= Incidence exp/ Incidence nonexp |
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Population Attributable Risk
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What is the excess amount of dx in the ENTIRE comm. associated with exposure?
PAR= AR x Prevalence If the exposure is more common, the burden in the comm will be greater. |
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Odds Ratio
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Odds of having dx in exposed group / odds of having dx in unexposed group
OR= ad/bc (cross multiply) |
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PICO
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P- Patient and problem: age, risk factors
I- Intervention or exposure: treatment drug? C- Comparison: main alternative O- Outcome: what is the clinical outcome that we want? |
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Which study designs are observational and descriptive?
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3C:
Case Report Case Series Cross-sectional |
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Which study designs are observational and analytical?
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cohort
case-control |
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Which study is experimental?
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Randomized trial
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List 5 designs from best to least
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randomized
cohort case-control cross sectional case report |
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case report vs. case series
Is there a comparison group? |
case report: experience of SINGLE patient
case series: experience of a GROUP of patients NO comparison group therefore susceptable to bias. |
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cross sectional studies aka prevalence studies
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-exposure and dx assessed at same time.
-observational and analysis |
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What are the strenths of cross sectional?
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1. easy and cheap
2. can generate new hypothesis 3. can use data for other things |
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weaknesses of cross sectional
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1.NO cause and effect
2.measures only ONE point in time |
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Interpret CI
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95% CI means that there is a 95% chance that the interval includes the true point estimate
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If the null effect falls "INSIDE or OUTSIDE" the 95% CI
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IN: NOT statistically significant
OUT: IS statistically significant |
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Describe Case control
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Get 2 groups, control group without dx and case group with disease, and see if they were exposed or not.
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How do you calculate Odds Ratio for Case control
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Odds of exposure if case/ odds of exposure in control
ad/bc |
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Case control Strenghts
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good for RARE cases
Smaller size, quick, easy can look at multiple risk facotrs can test hypothesis |
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case control weakness
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1.cannot determine incidence directly
2. bias potential when selecting cases and controls |
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strenghts of randomozed trial
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1. control of exposure
2. random assignment |
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weakness of randomized trial
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external validity
adherance ethics of witholding treatment |
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Relative Risk Reduction
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degree to which the treatment PREVENTED the outcome
*** overestimates clinical relavence control event rate- exp event rate / control event rate CER= c/c+d EER= a/a+b |
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Absolute Risk Reduction
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describes the risk difference in outcome between patients who have undergone one therapy and those who have NOT.
Control event rate - experimental event rate |
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Number Needed to Treat
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how many ppl need to be treated to PREVENT one of them from experiencing outcome
NNT= 1/ARR |
