Epidemiology

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Epidemiology

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the cornerstone of public health that focuses on the distribution and cause of disease in human populations. Also focused on developing ways to prevent and control disease.

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Edward Jenner

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developed 1st vaccine for smallpox from cowpox 1796

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Louis Pasteur

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french man who developed the Germ Theory of Disease; developed the rabies

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Ring vaccination

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vaccinating all individuals in a certain proximity to infected person

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Jonas Salk

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developed polio vaccine 1954

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Albert Sabin

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developed oral polio vaccine

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John Snow

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discovered source of Cholera in London 1850

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Robert Koch

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discovered the germs that cause TB and Cholera

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Fred Soper

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helped fight malaria with the use of DDT 1972

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Marasmus

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Severe protein and energy deficit; wasting of muscle and body fat; develops gradually; severe growth impairment

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Kwashiorkor

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"the disease the first child gets when the second child comes" severe protein and moderate energy deficit; edema; fatty liver; rapid onset

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Al Sommers

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discovered that vitamin A could treat night-blindness

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Joseph Goldberger

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discovered that Niacin deficits led to Pellagra 1913

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Pellagra

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symptoms include delusions, diarrhea, mental confusion, and scaly skin sores

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Alexander Flemming

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discovered penicilin

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Ernst B Chain and Howard Florey

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used concentrated penicillin to treat bacterial infections during world war 2

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Plasmids

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extra chromosomal elements that often contain genes that make certain bacteria resistant to antibiotics

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Myocardial Infarction

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built up plaque ruptures and causes blood cot inside artery

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Ischemic Stroke

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blood clot breaks off (called an embolus) and blocks blood flow to part of the brain and causes brain tissue death

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Type 2 Diabetes

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insulin is produced in the pancreas to help cells absorb glucose from the bloodstream, but cells are insulin resistant and glucose builds up in bloodstream

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Sensitivity

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Number of true positives

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Specificity

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number of true negatives

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Positive Predictive Value

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Double positive tests divided by right marginal total

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Negative Predictive Value

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Double negative tests divided by right marginal total

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Prevalence

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number of cases divided by number of people at risk

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Clinical trial

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investigation of the effects of a treatment or technology that uses randomization, blinding of subjects, and manipulation of the study factor

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Community/Field trials

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some as clinical trial, but the treatment group is a community instead of an individual

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Prospective Cohort Study

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type of study that collects data on exposure at the baseline of the study and follows that population to observe the outcomes at sometime in the future

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Retrospective Cohort study

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uses historical data to determine exposure level at some time in the past and follow-up measurements of occurrence of disease between that baseline and the present are taken

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Case control study

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compares people with the disease of interest (cases) to people without the disease (controls) and looks back to see how often each group was exposed to the risk factor

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Cross sectional study

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data collected at a defined time that assesses the prevalence of a disease

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Ecologic study

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variables are measured at the group level. Used to investigate the initial hypothesis for causation but cannot prove causation because it is never done on an individual level

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Case report

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individual reports of unusual occurrences Ex: first HIV cases

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James Lind

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conducted the 1st clinical trial with scurvy and vitamin C

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Jane Elizabeth

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conducted first cohort study to study breast cancer

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Ecological Fallacy

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drawing causal conclusions from correlation data

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Wade H. Frost

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coined the term relative risk

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Relative risk

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used in analysis of cohort study; incidence rate of ppl exposed to risk factor divided by incidence rate in ppl not exposed to the risk factor

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Odds Ratio

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odds for cases divided by odds for controls

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Population etiological Fraction

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percentage of disease attributable to risk factor

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Meta-analysis

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several studies' results combined to give one conclusion

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null hypothesis

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no nonzero effects and no difference between treatments

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alternative hypothesis

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nonzero effects exist; there are differences between treatments

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P value

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probability of value being due to random chance

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confounding variable

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an extraneous variable that correlates to both the dependent and independent variable

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Interaction

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synergy of two dependent variables

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environment epidemiology

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the study of environmental exposures that contribute to or protect against disease, injury, disability, and death

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Occupational Medicine

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the branch of medicine dealing with the prevention and treatment of job-related injuries and illness

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Alice Hamilton

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founder of occupational epidemiology

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Molecular Epidemiology

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incorporates molecular and cellular biomarkers

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Genetic epidemiology

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studies heritable factors that influence risk of disease

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Psychosocial Epidemiology

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designed to determine the role of psychosocial, behavioral, and social determinants of health and disease

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Hans Selye

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pioneer of studies of stress