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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is screening? |
Testing individuals who are at risk for a certain condition but do not manifest any symptoms. Determine likelihood of developing disease |
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What level of prevention is screening? |
Secondary |
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What are the assumptions of screening? |
1. Disease must be preceded by a period of asymptomatic pathogensis 2. Screening is not diagnostic; assess probability of having disease 3. Early detection means disease process can be altered significantly |
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What are the 10 screening criteria? |
1. Condition sought should be an important health problem 2. Should be an accepted treatment for pts with recognized disease 3. Facilitates for diagnosis and treatment should be available 4. Should be a recognizable latent or early symptomatic stage 5. Should be a suitable test or examination 6. Test should be acceptable to the population 7. Natural history of the disease should be understood 8. There should be an agreed policy on whom to treat as pts 9. Cost of case-finding should be balanced with overall potential medical costs 10. Case-findings should be continuing process |
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How do you select a screenable population? |
What to identify high risk groups - identifiable - accessible - accepting of the screening procedure - be willing to seek treatment |
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What are considerations of screening tests? |
Cost effective Simple, safe, easy to administer Minimal discomfort Validity Reliability Must have policies on how to deal with boarder line cases |
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What are advantages to screening? |
Can be applied by less skilled workers Can be used with individuals & large groups Usually simple Usually inexpensive Easily deployable |
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What are disadvantages to screening? |
Results in margin of error What are the costs associated with wrong results |
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What are conclusions from lead time bias? |
Identifying a disease prior to its clinical manifestations does not always mean that you are going to prolong life Sometimes all it means is that you have earlier knowledge about the disease |
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What is mass screening? |
Involves total population where prevalence is high |
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What is selective screening? |
Applied to specific high risk groups |
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What is multiphasic screening? |
Applying a variety of screening tests to one population on same occasion |
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What is case finding screening? |
Testing to find specific cases |
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What are the possible test results of testing a large population? |
Negative- TN (No disease) & FN (Disease) Positive- FP (No disease) & TP (Disease) |
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What is reliability? |
The precision of a measuring instrument which depends on its consistency from one time of use to another and its repeatability |
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What is validity? |
The accuracy of a test or measurement How closely it measures what it claims to measure Sensitivity & specificity |
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What is sensitivity? |
Quantifies how accurately the test identifies those with the condition or trait and represents the proportion of persons with the disease whom the test correctly identifies as positive |
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What does high sensitivity mean? |
Needed when early treatment is crucial and when identification of all cases is important |
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What is specificity? |
Indicates how accurately the test identifies those without the condition or trait |
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What does high specificity mean? |
Needed when re-screening is impractical and when reducing false positives is important |
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What is the predictive value? |
Third measure associated with sensitivity and specificity |
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What is a positive predictive value? |
Proportion of persons with a positive result who actually have the disease |
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What is a negative predictive value? |
Proportion of persons with a negative result who actually disease free |
