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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Colonization
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organism has not entered into tissue, is on surface/multiplying of tissue - does not invoke tissue or immune response
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Infection
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the entry and development of an infectious agent in the body (tissue) of persons or animals (hosts).
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Herd Immunity
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percent of population that has immunity against that disease, immunity of the herd. The higher the herd immunity, the less likely disease is spread from person to person
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Enzootic
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same as endemic but with animals, normal level of disease in animal popultion
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Endemic
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The constant presence of an agent or health condition within a given geographic area of population; can also refer to the usual prevalence of an agent or condition
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Epidemic
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level of disease above normal occurrence
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'demic'
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people
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'zootic'
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animals
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B-Cells
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primarily produce anibodies, release IGG
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IGM
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The first type of antibody that is produced. Help respond to antigens by increasing antibody production.
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Memory Cells
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produced the first time we're exposed to an antigen. Memory cells produce b cells that put out a lot of IGG. Memory cells produce plasma cells and a lot more antibodies.
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Incidence Rate
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new cases and looks at onset during certain period of time
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Prevalence rate
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Prevalence is total number of cases at some point in time
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Types of Death Rates
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- Proportionate mortality Rate
-Case Fatality Rate -Crude Death Rate -Cause specific death rate |
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Case Fatality Rates
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# people died from specific disease/ total # people who have disease (times) 100 ... for percentage
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Crude death rate
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Number deaths/ total population
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Cause specific death rate
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=# people with specific disease / entire population in denominator
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Antigen
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foreign substance to body
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Antibody
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large proteins that immune system developed, comes into contact and combines with antigens. Body produces antibodies and responds to exposure to antigen.
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T-Cells
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-immunity (response)
-T-helper cells help B cells and produce T-killer cells, secondary reponse |
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B and T cells
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Produce memory cells the first time there is exposure to an antigen. The memory cells remember the antigen and also produce anitbodies.
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Host
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An infectious disease agent can enter and multiply in a host
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Infectious (Communicable) Disease
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Pathogens, microbes or products that we come into contact with, either through reseveoir (another infected person or some other type of vector/ vehicle)
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John Snow
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- known for natural experiments
- spot maps - tied environment to disease, cholera |
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Apparent infection
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shows signs and symptoms
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Inapparent infection
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Person shows no signs or symptoms
- ex, lymes disease. |
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Carrier
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Has disease and doesn't show signs or symptoms
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Pandemic
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an epidemic occurring over a widespread are (multiple countries or continents) and usually affecting a substantial proportion of the population. (epidemic is more local, national)
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Chain of Infection
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Cause, reservoir (where organism multiplies to large numbers), portal of exit, mode of transportation, portal of entry, host suseptibility
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Reservoir
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Where organism multiplies to large numbers.
- Can be human being, animals, insects, soils or plants, and environment |
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Fomite
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an inanimate object that serves in transmission of disease.
-ex. indirect transmission occurs if agent picked up from a fomite), direct if picked up from reservoir. |
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Vector
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biological organism that carries disease causing agent either mechanically (hairs on flies) or biologically (from the egg).
- ex. Mosquito, ticks, rats |
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Virulence
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measures of degree of pathogenicity
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Toxicology - definition of a threshold
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the highest dose where we see no adverse affect. Has to be an adverse affect to exceed the threshold.
-Doses above the threshold value show adverse effect, doeses below show no affect. |
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Hazardous chemicals
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-corrosivity
-flammable -allergic response -something toxic |
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incidence
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new cases at a point in time / avg population at risk
-ex. # of people who presently started smoking. |
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prevalence
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already existing and new cases/population at risk.
ex - # of people who have smoke and are smoking, and started smoking. ^P = ^I x D ~ decrease in prevalence = incidences (constant) x decrease in duration |
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Prevalence, incidence, and duration
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~ if duration of disease is decreased, it affects prevalence most
~ as incidence increases, prevalence increases |
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Poison
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Lethal Dose of 50 (LD50)
- chemical with LD50 = to or less than 50 mg. per kilogram body weight |
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Lipophillic
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substance that will be easily soluble in liquids "phallic-means love"- doesn't mean a substance is hazardous (for example, veggie oil is liquid soluble)
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hydrophillic
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very soluble in water
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Levels of prevention
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1. Primary prevention - active
2. Primary Prevention - passive 3. Secondary Prevention 4. Tertiary Prevention |
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Proportion
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numerator is part of the denominator
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Duration
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length of time a person has disease
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Primary prevention - active
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You are responsible for prevention.
ex, immunization, going to get vaccine, don't start smoking, educating yourself/research) - getting cervical cancer screening |
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Primary prevention - passive
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prevention is being done for you
ex. - fluorine in drinking water |
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Secondary prevention
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identify and track disease quickly
ex. you get the cervical cancer diagnoses, and prevent from the spread of the cancer. |
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Tertiary
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Prevent from after effects. damage already occurs, so prevent it from getting worse.
ex. quit smoking after diagnosed with lung disease |
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Incidence rate
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# new cases at specific point in time/ population at risk
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attack rate
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ex, 10 went to party, 6 got sick. 6/10 = 60% are sick (attack rate).
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Measures of Risk
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1. Attack Rates
2. Incidence Rates 3. Mortality Rates 4. Cause specific death rates 5. Case fatality Rates |
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Not estimates of risk
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prevalence and proportions.
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Cohort Studies
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HAVE to do fallow up
- active fallow up or passive fallow up (getting information from registries) |
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Major Categories of Descriptive Epidemiology
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Person, place and time
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Cross-Sectional study
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does not allow time sequence
-ex, free HIV testing at student centers |
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control studies
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Case studies and cohort studies require controls
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Case Control studies
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- already know the cases, but looking for exposure. * for rare disease
among the best observational designs to study disease of low prevalence. - good for studying when there is high prevalence - odds ratio |
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Point prevalence
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the number of cases of illness in a group at a point in time divided by total number in group
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Cohort Study
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-looking at a group and their exposure over time
-ex, occupational groups such as battery workers (mercury). -risk ratio |
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Normal data distribution
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- always say Median is best measurement
-all values will be around the same area -as distribution skews, those values distribute |
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Measurements for data dispersion
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- standard deviation (for normal distributions), variance, range, quartiles
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Use ________ to determine data dispersion for log normal distributions
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Quartiles, or ranges.
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Rule for implementing controls
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do NOT wait to implement controls until source is found - helps with protection against agent
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Working case definition
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signs and symptoms, people who had onset during certain time and at certain location.
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