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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is prevalence |
Proportion of people with the disease at a specific time Number of cases / population |
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What is Incidence proportion or cumulative incidence |
Proportion of people who develope the outcome in a length of time New cases/ people at risk |
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What is the incidence rate |
How quickly people develop the outcome in a population New cases / person-time at risk |
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Advantages and disadvantages of the prevalence |
Useful for planning but not useful for identifying causes because it is affected by factors that affect duration |
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How to determine the incidence rate for the general population in Australia |
New cases / (population average x time population observed) |
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What is the main use of the incidence rate? |
To measure risk factors, so this one is better identifying causes |
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Advantages of the incidence rate over incidence proportion |
IP: only fixed populations, IR: fixed and dynamic population IP: short periods of follow up, IR: short and long term IP: Affected by follow up, IR: Not affected |
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What is the rate ratio? |
How many times higher is the rate of disease in one group compared with another IRexposed/ IRnon-exposed RR= ex smokers are 1.6 times as likely to have a stroke as never smokers |
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What is the risk ratio? |
How much higher is the risk of developing a disease in one group compared with another IPexposed/IPnon-exposed IP=1.6 the risk of having a stroke is 1.6 times higher in ex smokers than non smokers |
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What is the prevalence ratio? |
A measure to compare the burden of a disease in two groups PRexposed/PRnon-exposed |
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What is the prevalence ratio? |
A measure to compare the burden of a disease in two groups PRexposed/PRnon-exposed |
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What is the population attributable fraction? |
How much of the disease cases is attributed to the exposure PAF=(IRwholepop - IRnon-exposed)/IRwholepopulation 20 % of coronary diseases in australia is due to smoking |
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Attributable fraction |
Fraction of disease casea caused (or prevented) due to exposure. (IRexposed-IRnon-exposed)/IRexposed 40% of coronary diseases in smokers is due to smoking |
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Risk difference |
How much extra disease occurred in the exposed group compared with the unexposed IRexposed - IRnon-exposed |
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Why is it necessary to standardise age? |
To compare populations with different age structure |
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Lifetime risk |
At a specific age, what are your chances of getting a disease? |
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Global health indicators of what is being achieved |
Life expectancy Disability-free life expectancy Health adjusted life expectancy |
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Global health indicators of what is not being achieved |
Years of life lost Disability adjusted life years |
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Birth life expectancy |
Expected years a baby born can expect to live |
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Health adjusted life expectancy HALE? |
Life expectamcy with full health, no disability |
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Disability adjusted life years DALY? |
Years of life lost plus years with disability |
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Why are health indicators important? |
They allow to know if there is a problem in your country and put it in the political radar |
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What is PICO? |
A system to make research questions Population Intervention Comparator Outcome |
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Main different between cohort and randomised control trials? Case control study? |
Allocation of participants to exposure in RCT is random. In case control participants are not recruited, just measure the effect of exposure in affected and unaffected people |
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When should a trial be made? |
If it is feasible (outcome occur soon, participants can be recruited and exposure is mosifiable) and if it is ethical ( non harmful intervention, benefits outweight harms, uncertainty about if the benefits of intervention outweight current strategies - equipoise) |
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Internal and external validity of results? |
Internal: i.e.bias External: can results be generalised to other populations? |
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Sources of error in internal validity |
Confounding, selection bias (when selecting people), informative bias (info collected from people), random error |
