Epid Test #1

Front 1

count

Back 1

the number of cases of a disease or other health phenomenon being studied

significant for rare diseases

Front 2

ratio

Back 2

the value obtained by dividing one quantity by another

proportions, rates, and percentages are also ratios

Front 3

proportion

Back 3

a measure that states a count relative to the size of the group

Front 4

rate

Back 4

a ratio that consists of a numerator and a denominator and in which time forms part of the denominator

for example: number of deaths in 2003 divided by the population in 2003

Front 5

prevalence

Back 5

the number of existing cases of a disease or health condition in a population at some designated time

Front 6

point prevalence

Back 6

number of persons ill / total number in group AT A TIME POINT

Front 7

period prevalence

Back 7

the total number of cases of a disease that exist during a specified period of time, for instance a week, month, or longer time interval

for example: have you ever had breast cancer?

Front 8

incidence

Back 8

the number of new cases of a disease that occur in a group during a certain time period

Front 9

incidence rate (cumulative incidence)

Back 9

contains three elements:

-numberator = number of new cases

-denominator = population at risk (be careful! you may have to take out those who have had a disease before)

-time = the period during which the cases occur

Front 10

attack rate

Back 10

alternative form of incidence rate

used for diseases observed in a population for a short time period

not a true rate because time dimension is often uncertain

Front 11

incidence density

Back 11

number of new cases of disease during a time period divided by the total person-time; used to calculate incidence whem subjects have been observed for varying periods of time

Front 12

interrelationship between prevalence and incidence

Back 12

P = I x D

prevalence is proportional to the incidence rate times the duration of a disease

Front 13

crude birth rate

Back 13

[number of live births within a given period]
-------------------------
[population size at the middle of that period]

x1000

Front 14

general fertility rate

Back 14

number of live births reported in an area during a given time interval divided by the number of women aged 15-44

[expressed as rate per 1,000 women]

Front 15

infant mortality rate

Back 15

number of infant deaths among infants AGED 0-365 days during the year
----------------------------
number of live births during the year

x1000

Front 16

fetal death rate

Back 16

number of fetal deaths after 20 weeks or more gestation divided by the number of live births plus fetal deaths after 20 weeks or more gestation during a year

Front 17

fetal death ratio

Back 17

number of fetal deaths after a gestation of 20 weeks or more divided by the number of live births during a year

Front 18

neonatal mortality rate

Back 18

reflects events happening after birth, primarily:
-congenital deformities
-prematurity
-low birth weight

number infant death under 28 days of age divided by the number of live births in a year

Front 19

postneonatal mortality rate

Back 19

number of infant deaths from 28 days to 365 days after birth divided by the number of live births minus neonatal deaths during a year

[expressed as a rate per 1,000 births]

Front 20

perinatal mortality rate

Back 20

reflects environmental events that occur during pregnancy and after birth; it combines mortality during the prenatal and postnatal periods

number of late fetal deaths after 28 weeks or more gestation PLUS infant deaths within seven days of birth
------------------------------
number of live births + number of late fetal deaths

x1000

Front 21

maternal mortality rate

Back 21

reflects health care access and socioeconomic factors; it includes maternal deaths resulting from causes associated with pregnancy and puerperium

[number of mother deaths] / number of live births

x1000

Front 22

cause-specific rate

Back 22

measure that refers to mortality (or frequency of a given disease) divided by the population size at the midpoint of a time period times a multiplier

Front 23

proportional mortality ratio

Back 23

mortality due to a specific cause during a time period
--------------------------
mortality due to ALL causes during the same time period

x100


Indicates relative importance of a specific cause of death; not a measure of the risk of dying of a particular cause

Front 24

determinants

Back 24

factors or events that are capable of bringing about a change in health

examples: bacteria, carcinogens, stress, drinking, high-fat diet

Front 25

distribution

Back 25

frequency of disease occurrence may vary from one population group to another

example: hypertension more common among young black men than white men

Front 26

health phenomena

Back 26

may include:

infectious diseases
chronic disease
disability, injury
mortality

Front 27

epidemic

Back 27

occurrence of a disease clearly in excess of normal expectancy

Front 28

pandemic

Back 28

an epidemic on a worldwide scale

Front 29

John Graunt

Back 29

recorded seasonal variations in births and deaths

known as the "Columbus" of biostatistics

wrote "Natural and Political Observations Made up the Bills of Mortality"

Front 30

Edward Jenner

Back 30

developed a method for smallpox vaccination

Front 31

William Farr

Back 31

provided foundation for classification of diseases

examined linkage between mortality rates and population density