Epi Final

Front 1

what is epidemiology

Back 1

“The study of the distribution and
determinants of disease frequency in
populations, and the application of
this study to control health
problems.”

Front 2

internal validity

Back 2

The ability of a study to measure
what it sets out to measure

Front 3

external validity

Back 3

Usual tactic: choose a sample, study it, and,
hopefully, extrapolate the results to the
general population

Front 4

random error

Back 4

Random error is always present in a measurement. It is caused by inherently unpredictable fluctuations in the readings of a measurement apparatus or in the experimenter's interpretation of the instrumental reading.

Front 5

two types of error:

Back 5

1. systematic:due to bias
2. random due to chance

Front 6

types of bias

Back 6

information
confounding
selection

Front 7

the process of making something random

Back 7

randomization

Front 8

may focus on individual-level measures, or on emergent social properties that have no correlate at the individual level

Back 8

social epidemiology

Front 9

usually includes communicable diseases

Back 9

infectuous diseases

Front 10

denotes a necessary relationship between one event (called cause) and another event (called effect) which is the direct consequence of the first

Back 10

causality

Front 11

is associated with the probable cause and the outcome

Back 11

confounder

Front 12

Mixing of the effect of the exposure on disease with the effect of another factor that is associated with the exposure

Back 12

confounder

Front 13

criteria for a confounder

Back 13

1 A confounder must be a cause of the disease (or a marker for a cause)
2 A confounder must be associated with the exposure in the source population
3 A confounder must not be affected by the exposure or the disease

Front 14

denotes the relationship betweenc onec event (the cause) and (the effect)

Back 14

causality

Front 15

An outbreak that does not have a common source, but instead spreads from person to person.

Back 15

propagated outbreak

Front 16

comes from an ideal understandk\ing

Back 16

common source outbreak

Front 17

Changes in one of the elements of the triangle can influence the occurrence of disease by increasing or decreasing a person’s risk for disease.

Back 17

deals with the 3 corners of the epu triangle

Front 18

an outcome from th epidemiological triangle

Back 18

Risk is understood as the probability an individual will become ill..

Front 19

what are the 3 corners of the epi triangle

Back 19

1. environment
2. host
3. agent

Front 20

GIS? and what part of health is it used

Back 20

geographic information systems, public health

Front 21

describes a type of immunity that occurs when the vaccination of a portion of the population (or herd) provides protection to unprotected individuals

Back 21

herd immunity

Front 22

evaluates and catalogs all the circumstances surrounding a person affected by a health event of interest.

Back 22

descriptive epidemiology

Front 23

what is similar between a rate, ratio and proportion

Back 23

they are all fractioned

Front 24

odds ratio

Back 24

(A / B)/(C / D)

Front 25

relative risk

Back 25

(a / b) / (c / d) OR (a * d) / (b * c)

Front 26

Privides a snap shot
Is simple
Provides associated factor
Is first line of epidemiologic research

Back 26

cross sectional

Front 27

what is a cross sectional study about concerning morbidity

Back 27

complications

Front 28

what is a cross sectional study about concerning mortality

Back 28

deaths

Front 29

How is it a cross sectional study diffrent?

Back 29

different about:
SES
Age at onset
Season

Front 30

is a measure of the risk of developing some new condition within a specified period of time

Back 30

Incidence

Front 31

prevalence

Back 31

total # of cases

Front 32

a retrospective study

Back 32

goes from the case backward to find rhe cause

Front 33

pros of a retrospective study

Back 33

Suitable for rare diseases
Inexpensive
Minimal ethical problems
Short study time
Small # of subjects
Subjects need not volunteer

Front 34

disadvantages cross sectional

Back 34

Disadvantages:

* establishes association at most, not causality;
* recall bias susceptibility;
* confounders may be unequally distributed;
* Neyman bias;
* group sizes may be unequal.

Front 35

disadvantages cohort

Back 35

Disadvantages:

* controls may be difficult to identify;
* exposure may be linked to a hidden confounder;
* blinding is difficult;
* randomisation not present;
* for rare disease, large sample sizes or long follow-up necessary.

Front 36

disadvantage randomized

Back 36

Disadvantages:

* expensive: time and money;
* volunteer bias;
* ethically problematic at times

Front 37

disadvantages crossover

Back 37

Disadvantages:

* all subjects receive placebo or alternative treatment at some point;
* washout period lengthy or unknown;
* cannot be used for treatments with permanent effects

Front 38

disadvantages case control

Back 38

Disadvantages:

* reliance on recall or records to determine exposure status;
* confounders;
* selection of control groups is difficult;
* potential bias: recall, selection.

Front 39

advantages cross sectional

Back 39

Advantages:

* cheap and simple;
* ethically safe

Front 40

advantages cohort

Back 40

Advantages:

* ethically safe;
* subjects can be matched;
* can establish timing and directionality of events;
* eligibility criteria and outcome assessments can be standardised;
* administratively easier and cheaper than RCT.

Front 41

advantages cross sectional

Back 41

Advantages:

* cheap and simple;
* ethically safe.

Front 42

advantages cohort

Back 42

Advantages:

* ethically safe;
* subjects can be matched;
* can establish timing and directionality of events;
* eligibility criteria and outcome assessments can be standardised;
* administratively easier and cheaper than RCT.

Front 43

advantages case control

Back 43

Advantages:

* quick and cheap;
* only feasible method for very rare disorders or those with long lag between exposure and outcome;
* fewer subjects needed than cross-sectional studies.

Front 44

advantages randomized

Back 44

Advantages:

* unbiased distribution of confounders;
* blinding more likely;
* randomisation facilitates statistical analysis.

Front 45

advantages crossover

Back 45

Advantages:

* all subjects serve as own controls and error variance is reduced thus reducing sample size needed;
* all subjects receive treatment (at least some of the time);
* statistical tests assuming randomisation can be used;
* blinding can be maintained.

Front 46

Primary Prevention

Back 46

Those activities that decrease the likelihood of abuse ever happening in the first instance.

Front 47

Secondary Prevention

Back 47

Those activities that reduce the likelihood that abuse will continue or reoccur.

Front 48

Tertiary Prevention

Back 48

Those activities that seek, over time, to ameliorate or lessen the harm already done as a result of the illness