Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What type of experiments are used to study "toxic" or "harmful" exposures?
|
Unplanned or Natural
|
|
|
What are the 5 steps in determining if there is a causal association between an exposure and outcome in humans?
|
1. clinical observations
2. available data 3. case-control studies 4. cohort studies 5. radnomized trials |
|
|
When a factor directly causes a disease without any intermediate step what type of causation is this?
|
Direct
|
|
|
When a factor causes a disease through intermediate steps what type of causation is this?
|
Indirect
|
|
|
If a relationship is causal, what are they four types of causal relationships?
|
1. necessary and sufficient
2. necessary, buy not sufficient 3. sufficient, but not necessary 4. neither sufficient nor necessary |
|
|
What type of causal relationship rarely if ever happens?
|
Necessary and Sufficient
|
|
|
What is the relationship of a necessary and sufficient cause?
|
Without the factor the disease never develops and in the presence of the factor the disease always develops
|
|
|
What is the relationship of a necessary but not sufficient cause?
|
the disease cannot occur without the factor, however the factor by itself is not adequate to cause the disease
|
|
|
What is the relationship of a sufficient but not necessary cause?
|
the factor alone can produce the disease, but so can other factors acting either alone or in combination
|
|
|
What is the relationship of a neither sufficient nor necessary cause?
|
factors contribute as part of multiple factors in the development of a disease
|
|
|
What is the model that represents most of the causal relationships in CHRONIC disease?
|
Neither sufficient nor necessary
|
|
|
What are Koch's Postulates?
|
criteria to define causality.
|
|
|
How many causes did Koch's Postulates focus on?
|
One
|
|
|
While a good base, what is the issue with Koch's Postulates?
|
Multiple components are involved in disease causation
|
|
|
What are the five criteria established by the surgeon general in 1964 for establishing causality?
|
1. Strength of association
2. Time sequence 3. Consistency upon repetition 4. Specificity 5. Coherence of explanation |
|
|
What are the nine rules of evidence established by Sir Austin Bradford Hill in 1965?
|
1. Temporal relationship
2. Strength of the association 3. Dose-response relationship 4. Replication of the findings 5. Biologic plausibility 6. Consideration of alternative 7. Cessation of exposure 8. Consistency of other knowledge 9. Specificity of the association |
|
|
What can these guidelines NOT be used to prove?
|
that an association is causal
|
|
|
What do these guidelines help in?
|
making a decision as to whether an association is causal
|
|
|
What are the 6 guidelines that are important for this class?
|
1. Temporal relationship
2. Strength of the association 3. Dose-response relationship 4. Replication of the findings 5. Biologic plausibility 6. Consideration of alternative |
|
|
What is the definition of temporality?
|
that the exposure must have occurred before the disease which it causes
|
|
|
What are the two tests in assisting with determining the strength of a relationship?
|
RR and OR
|
|
|
If the RR or OR is large what does this say about the relationship?
|
supports a causal relationship
|
|
|
If the RR or OR is small what does this say about the relationship?
|
does not support a causal relationship
|
|
|
Which rule is absolute: temporality or strength?
|
Temporality
|
|
|
What does dose response represent?
|
that the amount of exposure can represent a causal relationship, lesser exposure lesser risk, greater exposure greater risk
|
|
|
What is consistency?
|
if the same findings are shown by different researchers under different conditions
|
